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344 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1 kilogram x 1 meter/sec^2 =
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Newton
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A force of 90 newtons is used to lift a suitcase 3 meters. How much work was done?
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270 joules
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Dyne =
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1 gram x 1 cm/sec^2
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Force = mass x acceleration is the formula for Newton’s Second Law also known as…
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definition of the concept of force
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force =
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mass x acceleration
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Force is measured in what type of units?
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Newtons or dynes
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Mass represents how much how much _______ an object has.
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inertia
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mass x acceleration =
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force
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Matter is anything that occupies _____ and has _______.
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space / inertia
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Name Newtons first fundamental law which states that a body at rest will remain at rest; a body in motion will continue moving with a constantat velocity unless acted upon by an external force.
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The Law of Inertia
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Newton =
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1 kilogram x 1 meter/sec^2
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power =
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work / time
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weight =
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mass x gravity
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Weight will change when different _____________ _______ are put to the object.
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gravitational forces
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What are the units used to measure mass?
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kilogram and gram
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What concept is described by the following: The total momentum before any interaction is equal to the total momentum after the interaction?
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conservation of momentum
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What is anything that occupies space and has inertia?
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matter
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What is constant throughout the universe?
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mass
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What is Einstein’s equation?
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E = mc^2
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What is the actual or potential ability to do work?
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energy
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What is the change of position in space of an object (or body)?
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motion
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What is the force of a body (or object) caused by the downward pull of gravity on the body?
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weight
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What is the name of Newtons Third Law shich states that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction?
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action/reaction
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What is the product of the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity?
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momentum
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What is the pushing or pulling of an object that is at rest?
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force
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What is the quantity of matter contained in any physical object?
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mass
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What is the rate of doing work?
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power
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What is the result of the expenditure and transfer of energy from one object to another?
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work
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What is the tendency of a resting body to remain at rest and the tendency of a moving body to continue traveling in a straight line and continue in its state of motion?
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inertia
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What is the unit of power?
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watt
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What must an object do when force is applied for work to be done?
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move
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What principle states that the sum total of mass and energy in the universe remains constant; energy can neither be created nor destroyed and that energy in one form can be changed into equivalent energy in other forms?
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conservation of energy law
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What two directions does motion have?
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movement / speed
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What type of quantity is momentum?
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vector
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What type of unit is force?
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derived
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What units are work and energy measured in?
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joules
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Which of newtons laws answers the question of how much force must be used to accelerate an object to a given rate?
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Newtons Second Law: Definition of the Concept of Force
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Work =
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force x distance the force is applied
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How much is 1 m in cm?
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100 cm
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How much is 100 cm in mm?
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1000 mm
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How much is one angstrom in cm?
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10-8 or 1/100
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How much is one anstrom in nm?
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0.1 nm
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How much is one km in m?
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1
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How much is one km in miles?
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Appx 3/5 mile
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How much is one inch in cm?
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2.54 cm
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How many kg are in a g?
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0.001
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How much is 1 kg in lbs?
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2.2 lb.
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How much is one oz in grams?
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28 g
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What percentage of a mean solar day does a second represent?
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1/86
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What is the formula for weight?
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m*G
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What is the expenditure and transfer or energy from one object to another?
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work
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What is Newton’s third law?
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action/reaction
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What is the conversion of mass to energy by the nucleus of an atom?
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atomic energy
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How do you convert °C to °F?
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°F=9/5°C+32
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What is the SI unit for POWER?
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watt
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What is the rate of doing work?
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power
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How do you convert °F to °C?
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°C=5/9(°F-32)
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What are the two classifications of Mechanical Energy?
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potential and kinetic
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What is the force that is transferred between the nucleons of an atom by the pi mesons or psions to balance electrical charges within the nucleus of an atom?
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nuclear energy
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What is the combination of electrolytes and metals in a battery that causes the production of electrons and an electron flow when a circuit is complete?
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chemical energy
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What is electromagnetic radiation that travels at 90° angles?
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light
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What is Newton’s first law?
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Law of Inertia
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What is the SI unit for Work and/or Energy?
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joules
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What is the SI unit for Current?
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ampere
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What is the SI unit for Temperature?
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Kelvin
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What is the actual or potential ability to do work?
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energy
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What is the formula for force?
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m(a)
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What is the formula for determining potential energy?
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m(g)(h)
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What is the SI unit for Force?
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Newton
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What is the unit of heat?
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calorie
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What is the formula for work?
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F(d)
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What is the formula for power?
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w/t or (m(a))(d)/t
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What is Newton’s Second Law?
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Definition of the Concept of Force
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1 Newton =
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1 kg x 1 m/s^2
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What is the formula for momentum?
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p=mv
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What is the movement of electrons through a conductor by electromotor forces?
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electrical energy
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What is the product of the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity?
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momentum
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1 mole =
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6.022045 x 10^25
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What is the change of position in space of an object?
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motion
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What is the tendency of a resting body to remain at rest and the tendency of a moving body to continue traveling in a straight line?
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inertia
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How much mass an atom converts into energy to hold itself together?
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mass defect
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What is the quantity of matter contained in any physical object?
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mass
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What are three types of bonds found in molecular energy?
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ionic, covalent and polar
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What is the force on a body caused by the downward pull of gravity?
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weight
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What is the pushing or pulling of an object at rest?
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force
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What is the formation of electronic bonds between different atoms?
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molecular energy
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What is the speed of light?
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186
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What is the formula for determining kinetic energy?
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1/2 mv^2
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When two or more substances are combined
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they form a __________.
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An atom tends to be chemically stable when there are eight electrons or an ______ in the outer shell.
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octet
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Modern theory holds that the atom is fundamentally __________ in nature.
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electrical
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The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom denotes its ____ ______.
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mass number
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With which symbol is atomic number designated?
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Z
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The number of protons or positive charges in the nucleus of an atom denotes its ______ ______.
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atomic number
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What Greek philosopher proposed the atom in approximately 400 B.C.E.?
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Democritus
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What is anything which occupies space and has inertia?
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matter
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What is the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristic properties of that element?
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atom
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What is the method of studying something that calls for breaking it down?
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analysis
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an N shell?
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32
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Composed of oxygen
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hydrogen
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Do mixtures retain their properties when combined?
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yes (A+B=B+A)
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What type of composition does a mixture have?
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indefinite
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What is the smallest subdivision of a substance having the characteristics of that substance?
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molecule
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Which Danish physicist first proposed the most widely held theory of atomic structure?
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Niels Bohr
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What is any material that has a definite constant composition?
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substance
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an M shell?
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18
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A mixture has no chemical bonding and is therefore not a ________.
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compound
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What are the two main kinds of particles contained in nucleons?
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protons and neutrons
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What is an example of a complex substance?
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compound
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In a neutral atom
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the total number of orbital electrons exactly equals the total number of ________ charges in the nucleus.
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an L shell?
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8
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What is the method of study that calls for a recombination of the parts broken down by analysis?
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synthesis
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All elements and compounds are also __________.
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substances
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a K shell?
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2
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What is an example of a simple substance?
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element
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What is a substance which cannot be split into simpler substances by a chemical reaction?
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element
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What are atoms that have different mass and atomic numbers but have the same number of neutrons?
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isotones
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What are atoms with the same number of protons and neutrons except the nucleus is in an excited state?
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isomers
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What are atoms that have the same mass number but different atomic numbers?
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isobars
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What do atoms form by gaining or losing electrons in the electron cloud?
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ions
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The process of ___________ is the ability of electromagnetic radiation to transfer energy to an atom.
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excitation
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The velocity of ______________ energy is equal to the speed of light.
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electromagnetic
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The _______ ______ of an electron is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
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binding energy
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The ___ __ ____________ states that the sum total of all matter and energy in the universe is a constant.
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law of conservation
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What are atoms that have the same number of nuclear protons but different numbers of nuclear neutrons?
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isotopes
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What is any particular kind of atom that has a specific number of nucleons?
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nuclide
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Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are called ________.
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isotopes
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What is the simplest element?
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hydrogen
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How many ‘periods’ or horizontal groups are there in the periodic table?
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seven
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How many vertical groups are there in the periodic table?
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eight
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What do the eight vertical groups of the periodic table represent?
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families of elements with similar chemical properties
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What do the seven horizontal groups or ‘periods’ represent?
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elements with the same number of electron shells but different chemical properties
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Why do the elements in any vertical group have similar chemical properties?
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they depend on the number of electrons in their outermost shell
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The number of electrons in the outermost shell determine an atoms combining ability or _______.
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valence
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In which way do elements occupying the same vertical group resemble?
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combining ability
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What is the valence of elements in Group I?
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+1
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What is the valence of elements in Group VII?
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-1
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Can elements with a valence of +1 give or accept an electron?
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give
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Can elements with a valence of -1 give or accept an electron?
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accept
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What is the process by which an atom gains or losses electrons?
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ionization
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Do protons participate in the ionization process?
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no
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What type of charge do cations have?
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positive
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What type of charge do anions have?
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negative
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What it the name of the negative electrode?
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cathode
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What is the name of the positive electrode?
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anode
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What is the term for heating a metal to incandescence?
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thermionic emission
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What is a substance of two or more elements in definite proportions?
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compound
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Can a compound be split into simpler substances?
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yes
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Do the components lose their properties when a compound is formed?
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yes (A+B=C)
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What type of chemical bonding involves the giving and accepting of electrons between atoms?
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ionic
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What type of chemical bonding involves atoms sharing outer orbital electrons?
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covalent
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What type of chemical bonding involves the alignment of atoms which creates a slight positive charge at one end of the atom and a slight negative charge at the other?
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polar
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What is an example of both a covalent and polar bond?
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water
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What is the electrochemical force between two atoms?
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bond
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Under which circumstances can an atom of an element maintain its identity?
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if the nuclear charge is unaltered
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What is the term describing any time the nuclear charge of an atom is changed to form a new element?
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transmutation
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What determines the chemical identity of an element?
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atomic number
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What is the total number of nucleons in the nucleus?
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mass number
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What is the mass of any atom relative to the mass of the atom of the carbon 12 isotope?
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atomic weight
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What describes the mass of the particles of an atom?
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atomic mass unit
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In the periodic table
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what is the arrangement of atoms with the same number of electrons in the outermost shell?
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In the periodic table
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what is the arrangement of elements in which each atom has the same number of principles?
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What is the smallest particle of a compound that still possesses the characteristics of the compound?
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molecule
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In which state is a molecule above its critical temperature and therefore cannot be turned into a liquid just by increasing the pressure?
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gas
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In which states does a substance flow and take up the shape of its containing vessel?
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liquid
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In which state does a substance have a definite volume and shape and resists forces which try to change it?
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solid
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Which state of matter is described as: flowing to some degree; having medium density; difficult to compress and having a surface?
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liquid
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Which state of matter is described as having medium to high density; very difficult to compress; having a rigid surface and does not flow?
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solid
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Which state of matter is described as flowing freely; having low density; easily compressed and having no surface?
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gas
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What is the symbol for proton?
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p
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What is the symbol for electron?
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e−
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What is the symbol for neutron?
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n
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What do compounds consists of?
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molecules
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What is a particle composed of atoms which are chemically combined?
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molecule
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Which elements are naturally radioactive?
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elements with an atomic number of 84 or higher
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What is the charge of an alpha particle?
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+2
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What is the charge of a beta particle?
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-1
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What is the charge of a gamma particle?
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0
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What is the symbol for alpha?
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α
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What is the symbol for beta?
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β
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What is the symbol for gamma?
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γ
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What is an alpha particle’s range in air?
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5 cm
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What is a beta particle’s range in air?
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1 meter
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What is a gamma particles range in air?
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> 1 meter
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What is the ejection of radiations in many steps by radioactive substances?
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decay
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Who proposed the existence of atoms of different weights?
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John Dalton
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Who proposed the periodic table of the elements?
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Dmitri Mendelev
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Who proposed a model of the atom that had a small nucleus
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with protons that had a positive charge and negatively charged electrons in the electron cloud?
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Who proposed a model of the atom that resembles our solar system and is the model that is used today?
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Niels Bohr
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What is a mixture that is uniformly mixed throughout?
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homogenous
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What is a mixture that is not uniformly mixed throughout?
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heterogenous
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Stainless steel is an example of a _______.
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mixture
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Which state of matter has a medium to high density?
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solid
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Which particle is RADIANT energy from the nucleus of an atom?
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gamma
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Which particle is ejected from Thorium?
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beta
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Which particle has an essentially helium nucleus?
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alpha
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If an electron is added from one of the shells of a neutral atom
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what charge does it assume?
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If an electron is removed from one of the shells of a neutral atom what charge does it assume?
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negative
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Who discovered x-rays?
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Wilhelm Roentgen
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Who discovered radioactivity?
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Henri Becquerel
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In what year did Roentgen discover x-rays?
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1895
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In what year did Becquerel discover radioactivity?
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1896
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What are electric sparks given off by a Crookes tube?
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cathode rays
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What were the screens with which Roentgen was working made of?
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barium platinocyanide
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What are wavelike fluctuations of electric and magnetic fields set up in space by oscillating electrons?
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electromagnetic radiation
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What is the distance between two successive crests or valleys on a sine wave?
|
wavelength
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What is the number of crests or cycles per second?
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frequency
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What is the name of a frequency of one cycle per second?
|
Hertz
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What is the formula that expresses the inversely proportional relationship between frequency and wavelength?
|
speed of light = frequency x wavelength
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The relationship between frequency and wavelength is _________ proportional.
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inversely
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As the _________ increases the wavelength decreases.
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frequency
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As the frequency increases the __________ decreases.
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wavelength
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As the frequency _________ the wavelength _________.
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increases / decreases
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What is considered to have the highest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum?
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Cosmic rays
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What is considered to have the lowest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum?
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radio
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In the electromagnetic spectrum
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what has an energy that is higher than gamma rays but lower than cosmic rays?
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In the electromagnetic spectrum
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what has an energy that is higher than diagnostic x-rays but lower than therapy x-rays?
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In the electromagnetic spectrum
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what has an energy that is higher than ultraviolet light but lower than gamma rays?
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In the electromagnetic spectrum what has an energy that is higher than visible light but lower than diagnostic x-rays?
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ultraviolet light
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In the electromagnetic spectrum
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what has an energy that is higher than infrared but lower than ultraviolet light?
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In the electromagnetic spectrum
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what has an energy that is higher than radar but lower than visible light?
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In the electromagnetic spectrum what has an energy that is higher than television but lower than infrared?
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radar
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In the electromagnetic spectrum, what has an energy that is higher than radio but lower than radar?
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television
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Electromagnetic radiations are said to have a _________ nature.
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dualistic
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Electromagnetic radiations are called _______ or quantum.
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photons
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Photons are classified by their ______ rather than their wavelength.
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energy
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In their behavior, to what are gamma rays identical?
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x rays
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What is the kinetic energy of a stream of fast moving electrons change into when interacting with the atoms of an x-ray tube target?
|
x-rays and heat
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What controls the amount of electrons being boiled off?
|
mA
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Invented in 1913
|
this x-ray tube was the first hot cathode diode tube?
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What is the process of boiling off electrons from a filament?
|
thermionic emission
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What is the name of the electron cloud that forms around the cathode?
|
space charge
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What is the name of electrons that are liberated from the cathode?
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thermions
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What is the name of x-rays that exit through the window of the x-ray tube?
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useful beam
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What is the name of x-rays that leave the x-ray tube housing?
|
leakage radiation
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What is the name of the place on the anode face where the electron stream is focused?
|
focal spot
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What is the negatively charged object that surrounds the filament?
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focusing cup
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What percentage of the electrons kinetic energy is converted to heat?
|
99.4
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What percentage of the electrons kinetic energy is converted to x-rays?
|
.6
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What type of x-rays does Brems radiation produce?
|
heterogeneous or polyenergetic
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What determines the efficiency of x-ray production?
|
the atomic number of the target
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What are the two most common materials used for x-ray targets?
|
Rhenium (75) and Tungsten (74)
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What are wavelike fluctuations of electric and magnetic fields set up in space by oscillating electrons?
|
electromagnetic radiation
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What is the symbol for wavelength in m?
|
lambda (λ)
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What is the speed of light?
|
3 x 10^8 meters
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Translate the following formula: c=fλ
|
the speed with which a wave travels is equal to the frequency multiplied by the wavelength
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In the formula c=fλ what does the ‘c’ represent?
|
the speed of light in a vacuum
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In the formula c=fλ
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what does the ‘f’ represent?
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In the formula c=fλ what does the ‘λ’ represent?
|
wavelength
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What is the speed of all electromagnetic waves?
|
c
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Are the wavelengths of x-rays long or short?
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extremely short
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Is it preferable to designate x and gamma rays according to their photon energy or their wavelength?
|
photon energy
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How is air removed from the glass and metal parts of an x-ray tube?
|
degassing
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Which unit expresses an amount of charge released per unit mass of air specifically?
|
Roentgen
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Does x ray exposure refer to quantity or quality?
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quantity
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In x ray production
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why is most of the electrons energy degraded to heat?
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What is the equation that states the efficiency of x ray production?
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% efficiency = K x Z x kVp
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In the equation % efficiency = K x Z x kVp
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what does the ‘K’ represent?
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What are the two ways in which x rays behave?
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as waves and particles
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Are x rays electrically positive
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negative or neutral?
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Can x rays be deflected by electric or magnetic fields? Why or why not?
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no because xrays are electrically neutral
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What are the two most important characteristics of metals used for x ray tube targets?
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high melting point and high atomic number
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What accounts for 90% of emitted x rays when 80-100 kV is applied?
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Bremsstrahlung
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What accounts for 10% of emitted x rays when 80-100 kV is applied?
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characteristic radiation
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What are the two processes by which x rays are produced?
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Brems and characteristic radiation
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What is the name of the x rays that leave the window of the x ray tube?
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useful beam
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What is the name of an x ray tube’s negative electrode?
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cathode
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What is the name of an x ray tube’s positive electrode?
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anode
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What does it mean to have a wide span of energies and wavelengths?
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\polyenergetic
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How do x rays travel ordinarily?
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in straight lines
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At what speed do x rays travel?
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the speed of light
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How do x rays indirectly ionize gas?
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in their ability to remove orbital electrons from atoms
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Can x rays be focused by a lens?
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no
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What do x rays cause in certain crystals making possible their use in radiographic intensifying screens and other modalities?
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fluorescence
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What types of images are the affect of x rays on photographic film?
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latent
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What are the two properties with which x rays can be described?
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intensity and quality
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What is the international unit of exposure based on ionization in air?
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Roentgen
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What describes the percentage of kinetic energy of the electrons that is converted to x rays?
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efficiency of radiation production
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What factor(s) is (are) directly proportional to the efficiency of radiation production?
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atomic number of the target and the applied kilovolt potential
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In which units the energy of monoenergetic radiation expressed?
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electron volts (eV)
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What is the name of a recorded image produced by x rays on photographic film?
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radiograph
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What are rays of high energy (photons) having no mass?
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x rays
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What is the top of a wave called?
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crest
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What is the speed of light?
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186
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What is the distance between two crests?
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wavelength
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How do electromagnetic waves travel?
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in straight lines
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What is the number of crests passing a fixed point per second?
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frequency
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What is wavelength of an average diagnostic x ray in Angstroms?
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0.5
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What is produced when fast-moving electrons are slowed or stopped suddenly?
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x rays
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What is the source of electrons in an x ray tube?
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cathode
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What are the two components on the negative side of an x ray tube?
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tungsten filament and focusing cup
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What is also term for ‘useful beam’?
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primary beam
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What is the flow of electrons through a conductor?
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current
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What is the unit that measures current?
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amps or amperes
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What is another word for ‘voltage’?
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potential difference
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What is a measurement of the force which drives electric current through a conductor?
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voltage / potential difference / electromagnetic force
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What is the space between a cathode and anode?
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tube gap
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What drives electrons across the tube gap?
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high voltage
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What is the typical voltage to drive electrons across the tube gap?
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kilovolts
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What is the typical range for x ray tube current?
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20 - 150 kV
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In the context of x rays
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what type of ability do kilovolts have?
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What is the way in which current always flows?
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from negative to positive
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What type of voltage and amperage does the filament current?
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low voltage and high amperage
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In x ray production
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what controls the amount of electrons that are boiled off?
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What does mA stand for?
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milliamps
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What results in a large focal spot with a greater heat capacity?
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large filament
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What results in a small focal spot with lower heat capacity?
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small filament
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Which control adjusts the filament current?
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mA control
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What measures the tube current
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and the number of electrons crossing the tube gap during the exposure?
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What does kV stand for?
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kilovoltage
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What must be rotating at full speed before making an exposure?
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anode
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What does λ stand for?
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wavelength / lambda
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What does ν stand for?
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Frequency / nu
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What types of x rays are produced when fast moving electrons undergo rapid deceleration?
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Bremsstrahlung
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What does the MAS measure?
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density
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No characteristic radiation occurs at KVp’s under ______.
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69
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What is located inside the glass envelope and is attached to the anode disk by a molybdenum shaft?
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rotor
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In an x ray tube
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what helps to prevent spark over and remove heat from the tube?
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What aspect of an x ray do mA and time control?
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quantity
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In a Coolidge tube a high voltage is applied across the electrodes charging the filament _______ and the target _______.
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negatively / positively
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What is the only part of the cathode or anode assemblies that is located outside the vacuum of the glass envelope?
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stator
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What is the melting point of tungsten?
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3370 degrees C
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What is the KVP?
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the peak voltage in an AC current
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What is Planks constant?
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12.4 (h) for KeV
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How is characteristic radiation calculated?
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by subtracting the binding energy of the K or L shell electron minus the binding energy of the outer shell (MNOP) electron
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What is the binding energy of the K shell for tungsten?
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69 KeV
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What controls the quality of x rays?
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KV
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What controls the quantity of x rays?
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mA
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On an anode
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what does the degree of angle influence?
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What measures the tube current and the number of electrons crossing the tube gap during exposure?
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mA Measurement
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What were the first x ray tubes?
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Crookes Tubes
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What are the three typical target angles?
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10, 12 and 17 degrees
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What formula pertains to the density of a radiograph?
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mAS
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What types of x rays are produced when electrons drop from an outer shell to a vacancy in an inner atomic shell?
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characteristic x ray
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What is the formula for the thermal capacity of an anode in a single-phase operation?
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H.U. = kVp x mA x time in s
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What is the formula for the thermal capacity of an anode in a 3-phase operation?
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H.U. = kVp x mA x time in s x 1.35
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What does S.I.D. stand for?
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Source Image Distance
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Does applying a higher kV result in a lesser or greater density?
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greater
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What must the anode be doing before kV to make an exposure?
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rotating at full speed
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How would a technologist resolve the issue of a patient having breathed during exposure and consequently having blurred the radiograph?
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Repeat and shorten exposure time
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What aspect of an x-ray does kV control?
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quality
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What is the length of time electrons are accelerated across a tube gap or length of time kV is applied?
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exposure time
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What is the degree of blackening on an x-ray film?
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Density
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How would a technologist resolve the issue of a radiography being too light?
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double the mAs
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