Keele Routes Of Administration

Front 1

What does Pharmacokinetics mean?

Back 1

Relationship between drug administration and exposure to drug. What the body does to the drug (metabolism, movement etc.)

Front 2

What does Pharmacodynamics mean?

Back 2

Relationship between exposure to drug and effect. Therapeutic effects of the drug, what the drug does to the body.

Front 3

How would you find exposure from a concentration-time curve?

Back 3

The area under the graph is exposure.

Front 4

What are the three classes of routes of administration?

Back 4

Enteral, Parenteral and Topical

Front 5

What does enteral administration mean?

Back 5

Via the gastro-intestinal tract

Front 6

What does parenteral administration mean?

Back 6

Via a non-GI route that allows systemic circulation

Front 7

What does Topical administration mean?

Back 7

Local administration: no requirement for the drug to enter circulation.

Front 8

What factors are considered when choosing the route of administration?

Back 8

Goal, therapeutic effect, effect of disease on route, drug properties, adverse events/effects and patient preference.

Front 9

List some examples of Topical administration

Back 9

Epicutaneous, inhalation, ocular, auricular, intranasal, rectal, vaginal and intrathecal (injection into the spinal canal).

Front 10

What's the difference between percutaneous and epicutaneous?

Back 10

Percutaneous= THROUGH the skin.

Epicutaneous= ON the skin.

Front 11

What are the different types of percutaneous administration?

Back 11

Subcutaenous, intramuscular, intravenous, transdermal and implantation.

Front 12

What are the benefits of topical administration?

Back 12

Allows high doses with small conc.

Avoids systemic side effects.

Front 13

What are the disadvantages of Topical administration?

Back 13

Skill required to administer inhalers and drops.

Absorption might be affected by disease.

Front 14

What class of administration does Oral Administration fall under?

Back 14

Enteral- it enters the GI tract.

Front 15

What are the advantages of oral administration?

Back 15

Convenient, good patient compliance, consistent absorption (usually).

Front 16

What are the disadvantages of oral administration?

Back 16

Must survive gastric acid,

Absorbed from SI,

Delays in stomach emptying delay drug entering SI,

Slow absorption,

Must be lipophilic or transported,

Undergoes first-pass metabolism.

Front 17

What is first-pass metabolism/the first-pass effect?

Back 17

Where the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it enters systemic circulation due to metabolism occuring when it enters the liver for the FIRST time.

Front 18

What is Enterohepatic Recycling?

Back 18

Drug, from the bile, is "recycled" back into the SI for further absorption so it can re-enter systemic circulation.

Front 19

List some examples of Enteral Administration

Back 19

Oral, Sublingual, Buccal and Rectal

Front 20

What is the main advantage of sublingual administration?

Back 20

Absorbed through mucosal membranes into systemic circulation before entering the liver- no first-pass effect!

Front 21

What is a disadvantage of sublingual administration?

Back 21

Some drugs may cause irritation if administered in this way.

Front 22

What is the main advantage of buccal administration?

Back 22

Absorbed through mucosal membrane in the cheek- no first-pass effect.

Front 23

What are the advantages of rectal administration?

Back 23

Useful if patient unconscious or vomiting.

Good if drug has unacceptable taste

Absorbed into internal prudenal veins to inferior vena cava- no first-pass effect!

Front 24

What are the disadvantages of rectal administration?

Back 24

Absorption may be irregular

Irritation of rectal mucosa may occur

Front 25

What are the 6 different types of injections?

Back 25

Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, Intradermal, Intrathecal (spinal canal) and Epidural (spinal cord).

Front 26

What are the advantages of parenteral administration?

Back 26

Fast (except transdermal and depot formulations)

Slow infusion (depot) allows "titration" of drug levels/gradual absorption

Front 27

What are the disadvantages of parenteral administration?

Back 27

Inconvenient

Require asepsis/sterile technique

Requires training

Subcutaneous can only be done with non-irritating drugs

Front 28

What are the consequences if a drug binds to serum proteins in the plasma?

Back 28

The complex will be too large to pass through certain membranes, which greatly reduces the distribution of the drug.

Front 29

What does Disposition mean?

Back 29

What happens to the drug after systemic circulation- distribution and elimination

Front 30

What does whole blood consist of?

Back 30

Uncoaggulated red and white blood cells

Front 31

What does plasma consist of?

Back 31

Uncoaggulated blood devoid of cells

Front 32

What does serum consist of?

Back 32

Coaggulated blood devoid of cells