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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Lex Agraria Sempronia? |
Legislation introduced in 133BC by Tiberius Gracchus. |
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What did the Lex Sempronia constitute? |
- No individual could own more than 500 iugera of land, and it could not be sold on. - Reclaimed public land given to the poor in 30 iugera plots - It was essentially a re-enactment of the earlier Lex Licinia (366BC). - The law meant more people qualified for the land requirements of the Roman army - it was built up and moral was restored. - Hopefully would prevent unused slaves from revolting - Agriculture encouraged to flourish |
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What effect did the Gracchi have on the military? |
They helped restore the size and moral of the army by enabling more citizens to meet the wealth qualification. Gaius introduced a reform which clothed and equipped the army at the expense of the state. New conscription age of 17
These things were perhaps the first step to a professional army, whilst allowing young men to work at home for a while. |
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Who was consul in 107BC? |
Gaius Marius |
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What was important about Gaius Marius? |
- Previously, inadequate senatorial leaders generated hostility and failed in the Jugurthine war. This enabled Marius to become consul. - He was a novus homo. However, he had the patronage of Scipio Aemilianus, the Metelli, and was married to the aunt of Julis Caesar. - He had a good military reputation, and was supported by the people and equites. - Marius represented merit over birth, and how far military skill could carry an individual in society. |
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Who was Jugurtha? Who captured him? |
Jugurtha was a king of Numidia. He was captured by Sulla, Marius's subordinate. |
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Who was Sulla? |
- A roman from a noble, but poor, family. - Subordinate to Marius - He was a soldier, but a better politician than marius. - Sulla had a signet ring made to commemorate his capture of Jugurtha. This made marius angry. |
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What do Sulla's actions demonstrate? |
The competitive Roman ethos: selfish, devoted to the individual and with few limits. Insatiable desire for gloria. |
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When were the German Wars? Which important battle happened during them? |
113-101BC - German tribes started to move into Gaul/northern Italy. Marius was forced to return from Africa.
- Battle of Aurusio - even worse defeat than Cannae, perhaps due to incompetent, glory seeking leaders and poor quality troops. |
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How did Marius insult the senate in 105BC? |
Despite Sulla capturing Jugurtha, Marius claimed credit for the victory.
- He entered the senate in full triumphal dress - This was an insult to the senate as it was a statement of superiority. |
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What were the changes in the manpower of the Roman army which Marius introduced?
*Not all reforms were exclusively made by him, but were systemised, ongoing changes* |
- The poor could have extended service and be trained and disciplined by gladiator trainers. - All equipment was provided by the state, so everyone was equipped the same. - Continous service set at 20 years. - Pride in the legion you served in encouraged by giving them numbers and focussing attention on the aquila standard. |
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What were the socio-political implications of Marius's military reforms? |
- The armies became personal, belonging to the generals who promised the soldiers land, and did not belong to the state. - The Senate lost control of the army - The Senate lost control over elections and foreign policy as Marius was voted the consulship 5 times. - The Senate could not control men like Marius, because they held greater gloria than the senate combined. |
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When was the Social War, and why did it happen? |
91-89AD - Marius used a radical tribune, Saturninus, to secure land for his veterans but who launched a coup which Marius had to stop. - Rome faced a trained and equipped enemy on their doorstep - the Italians. - The Italians wanted political equality. - The Italians wanted protection from the state and magistrates in return for their aid. - The Allies created their own state - Rome offered citizenship to allies who had not rebelled, and then to any Italians who registered in 60 days. |
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What were the consequences of the Social War? |
- The city state of Rome was transformed to an Italian state, granting a precedent for giving precedent to regions across the empire. - Supremacy in Rome. |
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When was Sulla consul? |
88BC |
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Why did Sullas army march on Rome? |
- The Tribune Rufus had put the army under Marius, so Sulla, who was to face Mithridates, fled to his own army at Rome. - His army rallied to defend his dignities against the insult; they had been looking forward to a prosperous war. - The army marched on Rome and took the city, forcing Marius into exile.
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What happened in 87BC? |
- Cinna became consul. - He returns to Rome (having been thrown out) with a bribed legion and joined by Marius and the Etruscans. - In Sullas absence (he was in the east) they seized the city with the army. - Sulla was declared a public enemy |
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What did Sulla do in Greece? |
He sacked Delphi, Olympia and Athens to pay his troops. |
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What treaty ended the Mithradatic War? |
The Treaty of Dardanus - Mithridates fined and limited to Pontus - Asia Minor also made to pay a debt inducing fine |
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What happened to Sulla afterwards? |
- He wrote to Rome justifying his return. He had a large and loyal army which needed him to take Rome so that they could have their promised land. - He was joined by Crassus and Pompey
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What were the proscriptions? |
A method used by Sulla to make his enemies pay the price of opposing him. - Supporters of Marius were trailed and had their property seized. - The vast wealth generated was used to pay the army, securing land and providing a clientele of loyal, trained men.
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What did Sulla do 82-79BC? |
- Took indefinite dictatorship - Wanted to restore the senate to its pre-Gracchan power. - Enforced the Lex Villia Annalis and the Cursus Honorum - Crippled the tribunate - Limited the veto to protecting individuals, no law could be passed without senatorial approval - Corn distributions abolished - Tribunes could never hold another office - Standing courts set up for major crimes, juries returned to senators. |
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When did Sulla die? Why was it significant? |
78BC. In 79BC, he had resigned all major offices. - He had a huge state funeral - The Senate, Equites and Legions were in attendance |
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Who was Cicero? |
- Strong republican - Grew up under the proscriptions - permanently coloured his view of tyranny - Friend of Pompey - Not a soldier - Extremely good oratician - speeches were the only way to reach a mass audience quickly. |
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When was the consulship of Pompey and Crassus? |
70BC |
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Which events happened in 63BC? |
- Cicero became consul - Cataline Conspiracy: Exposed roman social problems and the selfish nature of the Roman nobility. Cicero's oratory and organisation helped defeat Cataline, BUT he also decided to EXECUTE CONSPIRATORS WITHOUT TRIAL. - Caesar becomes Pontifex Maximus
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When did Pompey celebrate his triumph? Who supported him in opposing the Senate? |
62BC - He faced opposition in securing ratification of his eastern reorganisation and the land settlements promised to his veterans - CRASSUS, who wanted to change the contracts for tax collection in the east. - Neither could overcome the senatorial objections to their desires. |
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What was the First Triumvirate? |
Formed in 60BC - An unofficial alliance between Crassus, Pompey and Caesar. - Caesar promised to help the other two if they supported him in becoming consul. - He was in debt, and needed a successful military campaign to get out, as well as to obtain gloria. - Caesar was a fantastic leader and politician |
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What did Caesar attempt in 60BC? |
He tried to stand for the consulship and have a triumph. - This was not allowed so he asked to stand for the consulship in absentia: a noble claiming a triumph could not stand in the City of Rome. - Caesar disbanded his forces |
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Who did Caesar hold consulship with in 59BC? What link held Caesar and Pompey together? |
- Bibulus - He opposed every law Caesar passed.
- Caesar married his daughter, Julia, to Pompey |
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How did Caesar get around Bibulus? |
- He turned to the Popular Assembly, which he presided over.
- Support from Crassus and many legions in the city meant some of his laws are passed. |
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What were some of the main laws he passed? |
- Lex Julia Agraria - Gave land to Pompeys veterans in Southern Italy. Some land was also given to the Urban plebs.
- Eastern Settlement ratified - Tax contracts were improved and provincial governments strengthened against corruption. |
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Who was Clodius? |
- An agent left in control of Rome by Caesar whilst he went to Gaul. Clodius wanted to be tribune but couldn't because he was patrician - Caesar had him adopted by a plebeian family. - Clodius's first act was to distribute free corn, giving him a mob army. - He passed a law which condemned any man who executed a citizen without fair trial. Cicero was forced to flee. |
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What were some results of Clodius's actions? |
- Pompey started to campaign for Cicero's return, and rallied his own mob who fought against Clodius's in the streets. - The triumvirate began to weaken as Cicero and the senate drove a wedge between Pompey and Caesar. |
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What, and when, was the Conference of Lucca? |
56BC - Caesar receives 5 more years in Gaul - Pompey and Crassus made consul - Crassus given command of the east - Pompey controls Spain in absentia |
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When did Julia die? |
54BC - no connection between Pompey and Caesar
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What happened to Crassus in 53BC? |
He was massacred at Carrhae, looking for military glory against the Parthians. |
