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48 Cards in this Set
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Scipio Aemilianus (Africanus the Younger)
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As a consul he razed Carthage in 146 BC. He was a leader of the opposition to the Gracchi brothers. He was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio, eldest son of Scipio Africanus. This new alliance brought the Cornelii into family faction of L. Aemlius Paullus Macedonius.
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M. Fulvius Flaccus
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A Senatorial ally of the Gracchi. The only ex-consul to hold the position of Tribuen, so he could help Gaius in implementing a policy for citizenship for the Italians. Worked on agraian reform. Was a tribunician colleague of Gaius Gracchus.
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Gaius Gracchus
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Younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus. Was on Tiberius' 3-man-board for division of land which the senate refused to fund. Elected tribune in 123 & 122 BC. Failed to be elected a third time. His legis. plan was more comprehensive than Tiberius' had been and he sought support from more groups (Equites, urban poor in + to rural poor). Fought for judicial econ, & poli. reforms (see Gaius Gracchus slide show). An S.C.U. issued against him & he flees, then orders his slave to kill him.
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M. Livius Drusus
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pro-senatorial (therefore anti-Gracchan) tribune who gained support of urban poor which Gaius had been seeking. Vetoed the Italian enfranchisement proposal.
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Glaucia
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Transferred extortion juries back to the Equites. As praetor, he, along w/ Saturninus, controlled how Marius could reward his veterans.
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Saturninus
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As tribune, he along w/ Galucia controlled how Marius could reward his veterans. He killed Glaucia's rival for consulship.
(Marius turned against Glaucia & Saturninus after S.C.U., but loses all populares & senatorial support |
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M. Livius Drusus Minor (tr. p. 91)
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Son of Livius Drusus who helped bring down Gaius Gracchus, used office of tribunate to launch reforms
(1) Land & grain legis- providing poor w/ subsidized grain & land through allotments & establ. of colonies. (2) Extortion court compromise- expanding the senate by admitting 300 leading equites, & proposing that juries be split btwn senators & equites (3) Italian enfranchisement- granting citizenship to Italian allies. Was stabbed to death before Italian proposal was brough to a vote. Social War followed which achieved by violent means what he had tried to achieve by legal means. |
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P. Sulpicius Rufus (tr. pl., legis. for Marius)
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From wealthy patrician fam- became a plebeian & became tribune in 88 Bc. As tribune made 4 proposals:
(1) new Italian citizens & freedmen were to be enrolled in all 35 tribes (2) to recall all exiles (3) to expel senators for campaign debts in order to prevent bribery & corruption. (4)Sulla w/ Marius in command against Mithridates (the optimates had arranged for Sulla, as proconsul, to lead expedition). Last proposal repr. deal w/ Marius who, in exch. for command, helped Sulpicius' measures pass thru votes of his veterans. Later, Sulla rescinded Sulpicius' laws. |
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Cinna (cos. 87)
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As consul, attempted to annul laws of Sulla & reenact those of Sulpicius. Italian enfranchisement in all 35 tribes aroused opposition of the optimates. Octavius drove Cinna from the city & had him declared a public enemy. W/ Marius (recalled from Africa) he marched on Rome & seized it. (This is whne a deranged old Marrius terriozes the city). After Marius' sudden death in 86, Cinna is dictactor (in effect) from 86-84 BC. He appoints himself & friends as consuls each yr, rules moderately w/ support of much fo senate, setlles citizenship question w/ censors registering new citizens in all 35 tribes, is killed by mutinous soldiers in 84 BC.
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Carbo
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Cinna appointed him to the consulship in 85 & 84. Anti-Sullans elected him consul again in 82. He was able to raise a large # of recruits, & w/ Samnite allies, fought Sulla & Battle of Colline Gate. Carbo's forces were smashed in bloody battle & Carbo fled to Africa. Pompey later captured & executed him.
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Catulus (the politician) consul
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Fought w/ Marius to defeat the Germans, 101- successor of Sulla- stuanch optimate, Catulus became highly respected Roman statesman, Princeps Senatus, but was defeated by Caesar for pontifex maximus in 63.
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Lucullus (rich general) consul, 74
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loyally served Sulla, & became one of his three successors. He was given the comand to fight Mithridates in the the 3rd Mithridatic war 73-66, denied a chance for final victory when Pompey succeeded in becoming supereme commander & finished war after Lucullus had done most of the work.
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Hortensius (formerly supreme orator) consul, 69
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Leading speaker & advocate, successor of Sulla & most famous orator of the day. Hortensius was persuaded by powerful friends to defend Gaius Verres, former governor of Sicily in extortion court in 70. Cicero prosecuted the famous case & amassed such damning evidence against Verres that the great Hortensius was defeated & gave up the defense.
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Cicero (106-43 BC)
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Born to a wealthy equestrian family in allied city 100 km from Rome. Served under Sulla in military from 90-88 BC (Social War), but chose to peruse political prestige through law & oratory rather than military conquests. Novus homo w/ Optimates leanings, he was elected as consul of 63 BC "in his year" over Catiline, but he always remained self-conscious of his status as outsider in the senate.
Prosecution of Catilin in "Catilinarian Conspiracy" was Cicero's finest hour- earned title patres patriate. P. Clodius Pulcher exiled Cicero in 58 BC for particp. in execution of Catilinarian conspirators. Cicero reluctantly supported Pompey in Civil War after returning to Rome, Cicero sought to defame Antony after Cae'sar's death, & Antony added Cicero to proscription lists. Assassins caught him in 43 BC. |
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M. Aemilius Lepidus (120-77 BC)
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Father of Lepidus of Triumvirate w/ Octavian &Antony. After Sulla's death, Lepidus, populares politician, elected Consul for 78 BC- proposed legis. that would undermine many of Sullan reforms:
1. No public funeral for Sulla 2. Restoration of all confiscated property (referring to proscriptions0 3. Restoration of all civil & piolitical rights of proscribed 4. Recall of exiles 5. Repeal of Sullan reforms 6. lex Frumentaria (gov't subsid. of grain supplied to Roman citizens) Senate declared S.C.U. against Lepidus & sent Catulus, other consul, to conquer him. Pompey, then too young to hold office, given praetorial powers & Imperium & sent to help Catulus. Together defeated Lepidus' army in battle on Campus Martius. Lepidus exiled to Sardinia where he died. Pompey's appt--> obtain political prominence. |
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M. Calpurnius Bibulus (d. 48 BC)
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As optimate, served as co-Aedile w/ Caesar in 65 BC. Later served as co-consul w/ Caesar in 59 BC, elected to counter-balance Caesar's power. At senate's bidding, opposed Caesar's bill to provide land for Pompey's veterans, but Pompey & supporters came & dumped excrement on his head. Hid at his house for rest of consulship. Caesar's ignoring Bibulus was tech. illegal & opened Caesar to legal prosecution as soon as left office, so he never left office.
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P. Clodius Pulcher (92-52 BC)
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(Patrician). In 59 BC, had himself adopted into Plebeian family so he could run for Tribunate. Was elected for 58 BC--> exiled Cicero for role in execution of Catilinarian conspirators.
Pursued legis. that would give him support from people of Rome: 1. Instituted free grain dole to citizens of Rome 2. Prohibited magistrates from postponing meetings b/c of "bad omens" 3. Allowed clubs & guilds to be re-establ. Raised own "club" that effect. ruled Rome while Caesar was in Gaul. Milo raised gang of own & Clodius killed in 53 BC in melee btwn his mob & Milo's. |
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T. Annius Milo (d. 48 BC)
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Served as tribune in 57 BC, archenemy of Clodius. Supported Pompey & sought to recall Cicero from exile. Raised mob that was successful in preventing Clodius' own mob-rule. 53 BC- his gang killed Clodius. Prosecuted for this murder & sent into exile.
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L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (d. 48 BC)
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Consul in 54 BC- threatened to prosecute Caesar for his illegal acts. Began to support Pompey & raised small army to block Caesar's march on Rome in 49 BC. But Pompey fled city & he was forced to surrender to Caesar. Caesar absorbed troops & pardoned Ahenobarbus. Only supporter of Pompey to stand up against Caesar in this march, remained loyal to him until Battle of Parsalus in 48 BC.
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Cato the Younger
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Quaestor, senator, & then tribune of plebs who opposed triumvirate during political career. As tribune, helped Cicero deal w/ Cataline conspiracy but became opponents w/ Caesar at same time. Civil war btwn Pompey & Caesar, he sided w/ Pompey & committed suicide when Caesar was close to winning the war.
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Brutus
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senator in late Roman Republic who sided w/ Pompey during civil war, but asked Caesar's forgiveness & brought into inner circle. Later joined in conspiracy & assass. of Julius Caesar
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Cassius
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Senator, tribune of the plebs, praetor & brother in law to Brutus who played big part in assass. of Caesar. Orig. comanded forces in war against Caesar but after surrendering forced to fight for Caesar
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M Antony
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Supporter of Caesar. Made Caesar's junior consul. Member of 2nd triumvirate & allied himself w/ Cleopatra in Egypt. After disagreement over giving away Roman land, Antony & Octavian went to war. Antony forced to retreat to Egypt & committed suicide before forces were defeated by Octavian
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Lepidus
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member of 2nd triumvirate & Pontifex Maximus. Helped Octavian & Antony defeat troop raised by Caesar's assassins. Later, duet to actions, stripped of office & exiled from Rome.
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Marius
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Elected consul 7 times, including 5 consec. years. Novus homo. pop. w/ people due to military success but is unpopular w/ senate. Loses support when his friends ho he had to arrest were killed while being held captive. Well known for reforms he made to army including recruiting soldiers even if they didn't own land.
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Decimus Brutus
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led the "Liberators", usually termed Republicans, w/ Cassius. He refuses to yield Cisalpine Gaul to Antony & gets besieged at Mutina. To help Brutus, the senate sends Hirtius, Pansa, & Octavian to relieve him. Antony is defeated and Hirtius and Pansa die, leaving Octavian in charge, but he does not deal w/ Brutus, who flees & is later killed. Senate gave Decimus a triumph for his role in defeating Antony. When army of Decimus deserted Cisalpine Gaul on arrival of Antony, Decimus Brutus tried to escape to Macedonia but was trapped and slain by a Gallic chief.
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Sextus Pompey (son of Pompeius Magnus)
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After his father's death & Sextus' escape, he raised a revolt in Sapin. W/ defeat of Antony, he received the commission of commander of the Roman navy, even though he was little more than successful pirate. After Battle of Phillipi in 42 BC, Sextus Pompey lost his territory in Italy & the two Spains, but managed to take & keep N. Africa. After solidifying his hold on Africa, he continued to harry the Italian-held coastlines & naval vessels, drawing anger of Octavian. Pompey besieged Rome in 40 BC & in 39 BC, he signed the Treaty of Misenum. He was defeated in 36 BC by Agrippa after decimating Octavian's fleet & escaped to Asia Minor.
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Quintus Salvidienus
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loyal general of Octavian
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M. Vipsanius Agrippa
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loyal general of Octavian & right-hand man. He became in charge of transalpine Gaul when Antony's legate's son died. He defeated Sextus Pompey in 36 BC after 2 year war. Later paved way for eventula defeat of Cleopatra & Antony.
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Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi, daughter of Africanus)
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elder Gracchus (Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus) married her in order to get into upper echelons of society.
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Attalus III of Pergamum
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preferred his studies & hobbies to being king. B/c had no heir, he bequeathed the kingdom to Roman ppl w/ his early death in 133 BC
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Sempronia
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Sister of Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus who was married to Scipio Aemilianus as a way to strengthen relations between Aemilianu & the Gracchi. Their marriage was unhappy. In 129 BC, Aemilianus annonced he was going to give speech abt Latin/Italian allies next day but mysteriously died that night. Foul play suspected by Sempronia & Gracchans. Prob. key in removing large opponent of Gracchan reforms.
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Aristovistus
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Brought into Gallic conflicts as mercenaries by the Sequani. Turns on Sequani, & rules much of Gaul. Julius Caesar was invited by Germanic peoples to liberate Gaul from this ruler. Began Caesar's conquest of Gaul. Was defeated by Caesar at Bibracte. Caesar apparently built bridges across Rhine, destroyed a bunch of cities, then burned the bridge on his way out, just because he could.
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Vercingetorix
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Some tribes attempted to form coalition to stop Caesar as his conquest expaned through Gaul. At Alesia, the Romans were sieging the city, when V. showed up w/ 80,000 Gauls, btwn two walls, Romans would defeat both sets of forces & complete the conquest of Gaul.
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Cleopatra VII
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Daughter of Ptolemy XII. Has son by Caesar, & controls Egypt as sole ruler. Becomes involved w/ M. Antony after death of Caesar in 41 BC. Has 3 children who are benefactors of the Donation of Alexandria, which gives them parts of old kingdom of the Ptolemy's- a factor that leads to battles w/ Octavian & Antony/Cleopatra. Defeated at battle of Actium in 31 BC. She and Antony commit suicide.
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Julia (daughter of Caesar)
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Only child of Caesar in marriage. Was given by Caesar to Pompey in 59 BC in political alliance that formed 1st Triumvirate. Pompey supp. really loved her & was strong alliance w/ Caesar which worried the Optimates. In 54 BC she died in childbirth. Pompey marries a Metella, which leans him toward the Optimates & the Triumvirate collapses.
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Parthians
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Civ. in East near Iran. After Triumvirate reaffirmed in Luca conference, Crassus given Syria & a war w/ these people in order to establ. his military accomplishments. Things go bad- Romans wiped out & Crassus is killed. Caesar plans revenge attack on Parthians but killed before it could happen. M. Antony then plans a campagin as way of proving his succession. Had trouble making it happen- prob. in Rome. Octavian also plans revenge campaigns against Parthians.
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Brutus & Cassius
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Senators from long line of Patrician families. Conspirators in assass. of Julius Caesar. Were temp. saved by M. Antony's urged amnesty for "liberators". Left Rome still threatened- raise troops in Macedon & Syria. Octavian rises to power & gains imperium. Antony & Octavian go out to meet their legions in the east. Battle is at Philippi in 42 BC. Brutus initially defeatsOctavian, while Antony defeats Cassius. Cassius commits suicide after the battle. In 2nd battle, Antony defeats Brutus who commits suicide. Octavian puts many of "republican" legions to death.
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Hirtius & Pansa
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Moderate Caesarian consuls of 43 BC. Followed Antony who was consul in 44. Were sent by Senate to relieve Decimus Brutus in siege of Mutina. Senatorial forces prevail, but Hirtius & Pansa die & Octavian takes over command of senatorial armies.
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Lucius Antonius (brother of M. Antony)
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One of the consuls in 41 BC. He & Fulvia stirred up suspicion & hatred of both veterans & landowners against Octavian in order to bring him down & put Antony in greater position of power. Actions went to far & Octavian declared war on them. Resulted in siege of Perusia. They were forced to surrender & Octavian sent Lucius as governor to Spain where he died.
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Fulvia *(Cicero's friend)
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Informs Cicero of the Catilinarian Conspiracy after hearing Q. Curius boasting about it.
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Fulvia (wife of Clodius, Curio, & Antony)
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Involved in trying to put down Octavian in 41 BC (see Lucius Antonius). AFter that, was allowed to leave Italy & join husband in the north.
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Maecenas
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One of the equestrian class. He was a wealthy patron of the arts who helped to mold public opinion in favor of Octavian when Octavian & Antony were the two remaining triumvirs, both vying for eventual control of Rome. Involved in bringing abt Treaty of Tarentum
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Octavia (sister of Augustus)
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Marriage to Antony in 40 BC sealed pact of Brudisium. Also involved in bringing abt Treaty of Tarentum. Still married to Antony during affiar w/ Cleopatra. As Cleopatra's influence on Antony increased & rel. w/ Octavian became strained, he divorced Octavia.
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Scribonia
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Octavian divorced Claudia (Fulvia's daughter) & married Scribonia, aunt of Sextus Pompey's wife, in effort to come to terms w/ Sextus Pompey abt naval adventures. Pompey admitted to triumvirate for a time, but spoiled things when resumed blockade. Octavian then abruptly divorced Scribonia.
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Ti. Claudius Nero
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1st husband to Livia Drusilla. Along w/ wife Livia, decided to pin families' futures on Octavian, so by mutual consent he divorced her & betrothed her to Octavian, who divorced Scribonia so he could marry her.
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Livia Drusilla
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Former wife of Ti. Clauidus Nero, but would later become the wife of Octavian & would remain his wife for the rest of her life. This marriage & noble connections she secured for Octavian helped broaden his support among leading senators.
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Julia (daughter of Augustus)
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in 21 BC, Augustus sent for Agrippa, who was his best friend & woul later comand Augustus' military & made him divorce his wife & marry his daughter Julia. Augustus obtained extension of his now son-in-law Agrippa's imperium over senatorial provinces as well as others & even had tribunician power conferred upon him for five years.
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