Rna And Protein Synthesis

Front 1

The three types of RNA

Back 1

Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer

Front 2

Differences between RNA and DNA

Back 2

1) RNA- ribose
DNA- deoxyribose

2) RNA is single stranded
DNA is double stranded

3) RNA has uracil instead of thymine

Front 3

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 3

Type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Front 4

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 4

Type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

Front 5

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 5

Type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

Front 6

How does the cell make RNA?

Back 6

Segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules

Front 7

Transcription

Back 7

Segments serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules

Front 8

RNA Polymerase

Back 8

Binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands

Front 9

Promoters

Back 9

Signals in DNA molecules that show RNA polymerase where to begin to make RNA

Front 10

Introns

Back 10

Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

Front 11

Exons

Back 11

Expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

Front 12

Transcription vs. Translation

Back 12

Transcription
~Segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules
~RNA polymerase

Translation
~Decoding of an mRNA message into a protein
~Anticodon

Front 13

Polypeptide

Back 13

Long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Front 14

Genetic Code

Back 14

Collection of coding of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

Front 15

Codon

Back 15

Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein

Front 16

What is the genetic code, and how is it read?

Back 16

Read 3 "letters" at a time, so each word is 3 bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid

Front 17

Start codon

Back 17

Methionine or AUG

Front 18

What role does the ribosome play in assembling proteins?

Back 18

Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains

Front 19

Translation

Back 19

Decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

Front 20

Steps in Translation

Back 20

The ribosome binds to mRNA at a specific area.

The ribosome starts matching tRNA anticodon sequences to the mRNA codon sequence.

Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets added to the elongating polypeptide chain.

The ribosome continues until it hits a stop sequence, then it releases the polypeptide and the mRNA.

The polypeptide forms into its native shape and starts acting as a functional protein in the cell.

Hint 20

Front 21

Anticodon

Back 21

Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

Front 22

Role of tRNA in Translation

Back 22

Deliver amino acid called for by each codon on the mRNA

Front 23

Role of mRNA in Translation

Back 23

Carry coded message that directs process

Front 24

Role of rRNA in Translation

Back 24

Help hold ribosomal proteins in place and help locate beginning of mRNA message

Front 25

What is the "central dogma" of molecular biology?

Back 25

Information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein

Front 26

Gene expression

Back 26

Process by which a gene produces its product and the the product carries out its function

Front 27

Mutations

Back 27

Heritable changes in genetic information

Front 28

Two types of mutations

Back 28

Gene and chromosomal

Front 29

Point mutations

Back 29

Gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Front 30

Types of Gene Mutations

Back 30

Substitution, Insertions, Deletions

Front 31

Substitutions

Back 31

One base is changed to a different base

Usually affect no more than a single amino acid and sometimes have no effect at all

Front 32

Insertions and Deletions

Back 32

Point mutations when one base is either added or removed

Effects of these mutations can be drastic

Frameshift mutations

Front 33

Frameshift Mutations

Back 33

Mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Front 34

Chromosomal Mutations

Back 34

Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

Deletion - loss of all or part of a chromosome

Duplication - produces extra copy of all or part of chromosome

Inversion - reverses direction of parts of chromosome

Translocation - when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Front 35

How do mutations affect genes?

Back 35

Some have little or no effect

Some produce beneficial variations

Some negatively disrupt gene function

Front 36

Mutagens

Back 36

Chemical or physical agents in the environment

Front 37

Harmful Effects of Mutations

Back 37

Can dramatically change protein structure or gene activity

Front 38

Beneficial Effects of Mutations

Back 38

Mutations often produce proteins with new or altered functions that can be useful to organisms in different or changing environments

Front 39

Polyploidy

Back 39

When an organism has an extra set of chromosomes