Review Test 1

Front 1

viruses

Back 1

a-cellular, consist of either dna or rna, but not both, viruses are only replicated in a living host cell. They are neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Front 2

archaea

Back 2

-prokaryotic -lacks peptidoglycan -lives in extreme environments -not known to cause disease in humans

Front 3

protozoa

Back 3

- unicellular eukaryotes, no distinct shapes, parasites, ingest organic compounds

Front 4

bacteria

Back 4

Prokaryotes. have a cell wall. contains peptidoglycan cell walls

Front 5

fungi

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-eukaryotes -chitin cell walls

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algae

Back 6

photosynthetic eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls, produce molecular oxygen

Front 7

Golden Age of Microbiology

Back 7

1857 and 1914

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Beijerinck

Back 8

Recognized viral dependence on cells for reproduction

Front 9

Winogradsky

Back 9

microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle of life concept

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Redi

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Experimentation with decaying meat and decided that life comes from preexisting cells (biogenesis).

1688

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Spallanzani

Back 11

proved microorganisms could be killed by boiling

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Lister

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Used a carbolic acid spray in surgery and on surgical wounds. Wounds healed without infection. Lead to the practice of antisepsis - the use of chemical methods for disinfection of living tissue.

1865

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Semmelweis

Back 13

now known as an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Described as the "savior of mothers"

Front 14

Pauling

Back 14

one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology

Front 15

Woese

Back 15

famous for defining the Archaea

Tree of Life

Front 16

Koch

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Anthrax
Pure culture techniques.
Verified the germ theory of disease. Adopted as formalized standard for relating a specific organism to a specific disease known as Koch's Postulates.

1875

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Pasteur

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Proved yeast were the living organisms responsible for the chemical process of wine fermentation. Sugar is converted to alcohol. Wine disease.
Pasteurization
Germs are organisms that cause disease.
Germ Theory of Disease

Front 18

Snow

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First disease detective - dirty water involved in disease transmission (cholera epidemic) Proposed that a germ caused cholera.

1854

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Nightingale

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was a celebrated British social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing

Front 20

Domagk

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bacteriologist credited with the discovery of Sulfonamidochrysoidine

Front 21

Ehrlich

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Synthesized the first chemical that could kill pathogens and not the host.
Salvarsan (the chemical) is an arsenic derivative to kill the causative agent of syphyllis. "Chemotherapy"

1910

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Fleming

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Penicillium mold found on cultures. He named the antimicrobial substance penicillin (antibiotic).

1929

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Kluyver

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Dutch microbiologist and biochemist.

Front 24

van Niel

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introduced the study of general microbiology to the United States and made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis

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Koch's postulates

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The suspected causal organism must be constantly associated with the disease.

The suspected causal organism must be isolated from an infected plant and grown in pure culture.

When a healthy susceptible host is inoculated with the pathogen from pure culture, symptoms of the original disease must develop.

The same pathogen must be re-isolated from plants infected under experimental conditions

Front 26

fermentation

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is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases and/or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved muscle cells

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van Leeuwenhoek

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was the first to observe living microbes
Observed "little animals

Front 28

pH scale, Chemical reactions and dissociation

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Values below 7 are acidic, values above 7 are basic

Front 29

DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses

Front 30

Proteins

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Proteins are large biological molecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues

Front 31

Lipids

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are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K

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Carbohydrates

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is a large biological molecule, or macromolecule, consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water)

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type(s) of bonds

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Ionic Bond

Covalent Bond

Hydrogen Bond

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group translocation

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A mechanism utilized by bacteria to transport a compound into their cell by first allowing the compound to bind with protein on the cell surface followed by altering its chemical structure during its passage across the membrane.

Front 35

facilitated diffusion

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is a type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins

Front 36

osmosis

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the process that causes a liquid (especially water) to pass through the wall of a living cel

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diffusion

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is one of several transport phenomena that occur in nature

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active transport

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is the movement of all types of molecules across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration)

Front 39

phototaxis

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The movement of an organism or a cell toward or away from a source of light

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chemotaxis

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The characteristic movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus

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flagella

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hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms.

Front 42

Prokaryotic cell wall

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They have no true nucleus as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.

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Eukaryotic cell structure

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A cell is defined as eukaryotic if it has a membrane-bound nucleus

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Fracastoro

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Syphilis or the French Disease

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atomic structure

Back 45

the structure of an atom, theoretically consisting of a positively charged nucleus surrounded and neutralized by negatively charged electrons revolving in orbits at varying distances from the nucleus, the constitution of the nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons differing with various chemical elements.

Front 46

endosymbiotic theory

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It is the theory that the mitochondria and chloroplasts contained within modern animal and plant cells were once free living bacteria that were engulfed by another bacterial cell leading to the eukaryotic cell.

Front 47

anaerobes and aerobeic terms.

Back 47

Aerobic exercise is muscle movement that uses oxygen to burn both carbohydrates and fats to produce energy, while anaerobic exercise is muscle movement that does not require oxygen and only burns carbohydrates to produce energy

Front 48

prokaryotes

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Prokaryotes are the single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, and are roughly one micrometer in diameter

Front 49

cell membrane structure

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is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents

Front 50

Reed

Back 50

Proved mosquitoes carried the yellow fever agent