Micro Midterm #1 Review

Front 1

Hooke

Back 1

cell theory b/c looks like a prison cell

"on the hook go to jail"

Front 2

leewennoek

Back 2

-discover the 1st microscope

selfish b/c he didn't share his discovery with

anyone

-found microbes from a pond water found protozoa called them "animicules"

Front 3

virus classification

Back 3

not living, obligate needs a host which is called endosymbotic relationship

Front 4

1st virus discovered

Back 4

anthrax

Front 5

John Snow

Back 5

-discovered cholera

pulled off the pump handle of water source which was making everyone sick

Front 6

protozoa

1.E.M.C.R.

Back 6

unicellular, eukaryotic, classified by movement, no cell walls, reproduce sexually and asexually

Front 7

Pasteur

Back 7

disproved spontaneous generation

-by 2 beakers one he added heat so the heat one didn't have microbes and the one without heat became terpid (w/ microbes)

Front 8

worms start out as

Back 8

microscopic

usually oral/fecal with vectors

Front 9

Koch Postulates

O.S.I.O

Back 9

-germ theory

1. organisms cause disease

2. same organism must be present in each

3. inoculation of the subject must cause infection every time

4. original organism is isolated

(cow gets sick and dies and feed the dead cow to another cow it dies too)

Front 10

mycobacteria

Back 10

-obligate-intercellular parasite w/ no cell wall

cant be grown in a lab b/c cant be in pure culture

-must be combined w/ something else for it to grow needs a cell wall

-ex: leprosy pneumonia (hansens), TB

Front 11

Lister

Back 11

-made aseptic technique

-discovered Phenol but its too strong will kill cell as well.

-surgical room wipe off the scap with pants

Front 12

vector and fomite

Back 12

-fomite: site of microbe non-living (surface)

-vector: transports the infection (mosquito)

Front 13

bacteriophages infect?

Back 13

only bacteria

sits on the bacteria and injects its DNA directly into it

Front 14

genetic engineering is?

Back 14

making a vaccine

Front 15

genetic therapy

Back 15

correcting a bad gene in our body

Front 16

DNA

Back 16

AT

GC

AG- ARE PURINES X2 CHAIN -bigger than pyrimidines

TC- PYRIMIDINES X1 RING

2X1 IN ORDER FOR IT TO GEOMETRICALLY FIT

Front 17

RNA

Back 17

AU

GC

Front 18

DNA

Back 18

is held together by hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bonds are weak as a single but strong together

-inside are AGTC amino acids

-backbone of dna: phosphate, deoxysomes , sugar

-dioxynbosugar

Front 19

start at -RNA

Back 19

negative sense RNA,

goes to nucleus,

replicase,

makes mRNA,

goes to Ribosomes,

makes bond of aminoacids ,

A & P kick it out.

Front 20

humans DNA sequence will always be...

Back 20

DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

ALWAYS!

Front 21

polymer made of?

N.P.S.

Back 21

DNA composed of repeating units of nucleotides, phosphates and sugars

(all different molecules)

-large molecule

Front 22

monoschride

Back 22

single just one ; 6 sided

all are the same molecule

sacride: sugar

Front 23

diosachride

Back 23

x 2

all are the same molecule

Front 24

polysachride

Back 24

x3

all are the same molecule

Front 25

bacteria's cell wall is made of

Back 25

peptidoglycan (NAG/NAM)

Front 26

euk cell cell wall is made of?

Back 26

phospholipid bilayer aka fluid mosaic model which is for movement where it needs to go

Front 27

magnetosomes

Back 27

orient to the poles of the North Pole of the Earth

-magnets orient

Front 28

bacterium chemotaxis (+/-)

Back 28

positive chemotaxis- orient toward a stimuli

(ex food)

negative chemotaxis- run from a stimuli

(ex: Lysol bacteria runs away)

Front 29

bacillus shaped bacteria

Back 29

rod shaped in chains end to end, gram+

Front 30

types of flagella arrangement

M.L.A.P.A

Back 30

1.monorichious: single flagella at 1 pole

2. lophotrichious: many flagella at 1 pole

3. amphitrichious: 1 flagella at each side 1 on each pole

4. peritrichous: flagella all over all sides

5. amphilophotrichous: many flagella and both ends poles

Front 31

stiff flagella around

Back 31

fimbriae; allows attachment aka Pili

Front 32

pili is used in bacteria for

Back 32

DNA exchange, it attaches to another cell to share its DNA

ex: antibiotic resistance

(bacteria conjunction)

Front 33

what passes through plasma membrane unaided?

H.L.G.G.

in NaK+ pump?

Back 33

water-polar, lipids, glucose, gasses

-NaK+ pump- passive in cells that are not depolorized

Front 34

whats exocytosis?

and how?

Back 34

wastes expelled from the cell

-waste is packaged via golgi(UPS), lysosomes inside the cell digest

Front 35

thirsty cell is a

Back 35

pinocytosis

-wants water from inside the cell

Front 36

endocytosis

Back 36

-taking things inside the cell

-passive when eating

Front 37

phagocytosis

Back 37

bringing in something pinching it into a vacuole

-lysosomes digest it

Front 38

plants: thyalkloid membrane what occurs here?

Back 38

photosynthesis occurs here

in the chloroplast

light dependent

substrates involved: Light, carbon, water; other end spits out oxygen starting photosynthesis

L.C.H20

substrate=where the enzyme acts

Front 39

light dependent photosynthesis process

Back 39

light, carbon, water

-UV radiation hits chloroplasts and causes reaction leading to hyper stimulation of hydrogen ions,the unstable H+ moves thru its energized state and starts a cascade which leads to increase energy deposition of ions into the Calvin Benson Cycle, generates Electrons, flows into the ETC creating a gradient, enough energy H+ reaches, starch molecules made and packaged/stored in vacuoles and waste products of oxygen is released

Front 40

gram + bacteria

Back 40

-teotroic acid, purple under a scope. single outer membrane less dangerous than gram-

Front 41

gram -

Back 41

red under a scope, has a double outer membrane extra protection, more dangerous than gram+

Front 42

gram stain what do you do?

Back 42

decolorize

blot or

safrain is the counterstain

Front 43

species must produce...

Back 43

FERTILE offspring

Front 44

bacteria reproduce by

Back 44

binary fission or budding

Front 45

anabolism vs catabolism

-part of meta-bolism

Back 45

ana- is to build up (anabolic steroids)

cana- breaking down

both are a part of metabolism

Front 46

in enzymes the place where a something attaches is

Back 46

the active site

(key and lock)

Front 47

-zyme means

Back 47

whats making the printing

ex" riboZYME refers to Ribosomes and the substrate is the RNA

Front 48

NAD+ and FAD2+

Back 48

electron carriers

co-factors in oxidation/reduction

Front 49

oxidation/reduction is not

Back 49

exclusive only to glycolsis

Front 50

what happens in Oxidation?

Back 50

increase energy is RIPPED OFF leaving a charged high energy molecule behind

ex: NADH TO NAD

-taking off the H+

Front 51

reduction

Back 51

the opposite of of oxidation,

increase energy species GAINS an electron neutralizing a charged molecule (stabilizing)

-ex: NAH+ TO NADH

(oil oxidation is lost and R-16 reduction is gained)

Front 52

gluco-neogenesis

substrates: G.C.A.P.

Back 52

conversion of anything to a new carb where the primary carb is glucose

substrates: glucogon, carbs, amino acids, polysacchrides (NOS)

Front 53

aerobic respiration

Back 53

requires oxygen

strong substrate: glucose,

carriers: are enzymes

final product: is electron acceptor ATP synthase

process-glycolysis, pyruvic acid, kreb cycle, ETC, ATP

Front 54

anarobic respiration

Back 54

*FULL STOP*

requires: NO o2

substrate: limited factor glucose

final product: lactic acid.

steps: no O2, pyruvate, pyruvic acids, lactic acid, FULL STOP dead end

-no CO2 or H2O produced

Front 55

in a tube test anarobic and aerobic grow?

Back 55

anarobic grow on the bottom

aerobic grow at the top-needs air to live

Front 56

if you increast Temp electrons...

Back 56

denatured due to breaking of H bonds.

Front 57

microbes that grow in LAVA

Back 57

thermaphiles

Front 58

in fridge?

Back 58

pyschophiles

Front 59

freezer?

Back 59

hyperpsychophiles

Front 60

if a microbe can grow in presence or absence of oxygen its called?

Back 60

AERO-TOLERANT

Front 61

binary fission is what type of reproduction?

Back 61

asexual, exponential

Front 62

endospore cycle

Back 62

1, replicates dna

2. forms a cell wall.

3. pinches off the spore

4. septum to make a new DNA

5. rehydrates to cell wall becomes 2,active again!

Front 63

counting bacteria methods

Back 63

1. gross colony count

2. light microscope

3. coulter mechanical lysis as it passes thru field 4. filtration

5. turbidity (cloudy/clear)

6. gross weight

Front 64

antibiotics target the

Back 64

peptidoglycan cell wall of a bacteria

(we dont have that)

Front 65

bacteria feature that antibiotics target

Back 65

ribosomes 70S

(we are 80s)

Front 66

M-proteins are protective where?

-C.M/M.H.

Back 66

capsid, mucus membrane, HCI in the stomach (h.pylori)

Front 67

physical removal of germs?

Back 67

degerming,
not killiing them just removing them from the surface

Front 68

how do you know if a cell in dead or alive?

Back 68

-must be metabolizing to be alive

Front 69

why do people take antibiotics at the same time everyday ?

Back 69

want to keep metabolism at a steady level

medications have a half time

Front 70

bacteria characteristics by SHAPE

Back 70

1. spirocrete: sprial shaped

2. vibro: small C

3. cocci: circular,

diplo- 2

strepto: chains

staphlo: clusters

4. bacillus: line up end to end/rod shaped

Front 71

prefixes to remember

ase

pyschro

thermo

pyro

Back 71

-ASE: ENZYME

-PSYCHRO: COLD

THERMO= HEAT

PYRO= FIRE EXTREME HEAT

Front 72

a virion is

Back 72

a fully formed virus

-are infected by a viron not a virus

Front 73

sickness

Back 73

1. prodromal: feelling sick

2. fully sick

3. feeling better but still sick

4. homostasis

*infected in all stages

Front 74

stages of sickness

I.I.P.F.D.H/C

Back 74

1.inocculation-no s/s infected by microbe

2. incubation-when symptoms start to show

3. prodromal-general symptoms

4. flourid infection

5.decline of infection

6. homostasis or convalenscence

Front 75

fomite is on a

Back 75

non living surface

Front 76

vector is the

Back 76

the carrier of the microbe

Front 77

transient mircobiota, colonizing the host bad or not?

Back 77

not harmful just recolonization

-only colonizes for a short period doesnt harm

Front 78

resistant microbiota is

Back 78

always present

(first months of life in a newborn colonizing it)

Front 79

pathogen must be

Back 79

highly virulent to be pathogenic

virulance: is the amount of sickness or how sick you actually are

Front 80

how to stop a spread of a highly contagious disease?

Back 80

1. vaccinations

2. educate the public

3. treat the sick

Front 81

symbiosis

Back 81

1 is dependent

(endosymbiotic relationship: needs host to live)

Front 82

host and organism relation

C.P.M

Back 82

Commesualism: host unaffected organism benefits ex: staph on the skin

Parasitism: organsim benefits, host harmed

ex: TB in lungs

Mutualism: both benefit ex: bacteria in colon

Front 83

signs are

Back 83

objective whats seen broken leg

Front 84

symptoms are

Back 84

subjective;cant be seen just measured

ex: pain, headache

Front 85

term used to discribe what occurs to a newborn as it passes thru the birth canal?

Back 85

colonization

"resistant microbiota"

Front 86

nonsocomial infection is

Back 86

a hospital acquired infection

Front 87

atrogenic infection is

Back 87

idiopathic as to where it was aquired

Front 88

deseases catagorization in a population

E.P.E.S.

Back 88

1. endemic: always present in a pop

2. pandemic: across the country

3. epidemic: many ppl in a short period

4. sporadic: occasionally seen always present

Front 89

how do viruses enter a cell?

Back 89

via phagocytosis

enters the cell

we help them uncoat,

goes to the nucleus,

makes mRNA,

goes to ribosomes makes proteins for the virus, assembles,

lices the cell,

new virus is made

Front 90

prions

Back 90

cause disease in mammals

(us : euk homosapiens, ergo, mammals)

- infectious protons that fold abnormally

-be destroyed only by autoclave

-effects the brain

Front 91

shape of a viron is determined by their?

Back 91

capsid -cell wall

Front 92

naked capsid animal virus enter by?

Back 92

phagocytosis, direct injection

(phagocytosis: injection of a bacteria/virus)

Front 93

retrovirus requires what to replicate

Back 93

RNA b/c RNA dependent

Front 94

Purpose of lichen?

Back 94

make dirt

Front 95

a single-cell organism used in mirror production

Back 95

diatomes

Front 96

hard exo-skeleton multicellular?

Back 96

segmented body

ex: spiders

Front 97

BACTERISTATIC/BACTERIOCIDAL

Back 97

STATIC: lowering growth rate

CIDAL: killing the bacteria

Front 98

air disinfection is achieved by

Back 98

HEPPA filter or UV radiation

Front 99

a property of honey that makes it habitable for bacteria and harmful to small kids?

Back 99

clostridium

-its anaerobic viscus thick, osmolar gradients.

Front 100

carbon dioxide is not used in what?

Back 100

wound care b/c it kills the good skin; ALL lipids

Front 101

bacterial growth stages

Back 101

lag, log, stationary, death

-in an exponential rate