Review For Physical Science

Front 1

Waves

Back 1

Propagate energy and momentum across space time

Oscillate back and forth across equilibrium position

Front 2

Amplitude

Back 2

Distance of maximum displacement from equilibrium

Front 3

Wavelength

Back 3

Distance between two similar wave structures

ex. Crest to crest, trough to trough

Front 4

Period

Back 4

Time it takes to complete one full cycle

AKA time to complete one wavelength
(in seconds)

Front 5

Frequency

Back 5

Inverse of period

Number of cycles completed in one second
Hertz = 1/second

Front 6

Transverse waves

Back 6

Oscillation is perpendicular to wave propagation

Only occur in solids

Front 7

Examples of transverse waves

Back 7

Seismic waves
Ripples in a pond

Front 8

Longitudinal waves

Back 8

Oscillation is parallel to propagation

Areas of compression and rarefaction

Can occur in solids, liquids, gases

Front 9

Wavelength (of longitudinal waves)

Back 9

From one compression to another compression
OR
From one rarefaction to another

Front 10

Examples of longitudinal waves

Back 10

Seismic waves
Sound waves

Front 11

Standing waves

Back 11

Occur in fixed medium

Front 12

Fundamental

Back 12

Amplitude is twice distance of medium

Front 13

Second harmonic

Back 13

"1st excited state"

Amplitude is distance of medium

Front 14

Third harmonic

Back 14

"2nd excited state"

Amplitude is 2/3 distance of medium

Front 15

Fourth harmonic

Back 15

"3rd excited state"

Amplitude is 1/2 distance of medium

Front 16

Interference

Back 16

What occurs when to wave forms meet and interact

two kinds

Front 17

Constructive

Back 17

Two similar wave structures meet

Either crest to crest, or trough to trough

Amplitudes added

Front 18

Destructive

Back 18

Opposite wave structures meet

Crest to trough

Amplitudes subtracted

Front 19

Beats

Back 19

Special kind of wave interference when waves of different frequencies meet. areas of constructive interference, and areas of destructive interference

Front 20

Doppler effect

Back 20

Perception effect of waves - as you get farther from wave source, frequency appears differently

Police use in radar guns

Front 21

Diffraction

Back 21

When a wave meets a barrier or obstacle

Front 22

Seismic waves

Back 22

What happens during Earthquakes, 2 kinds

Front 23

S-Wave

Back 23

Transverse wave in Earth

Front 24

P-wave

Back 24

Longitudinal wave in Earth

Front 25

Sound waves

Back 25

Type of longitudinal wave

Can travel in solids, liquids, and gases

Front 26

Intensity

Back 26

Related to amplitude of sound wave

How compressed or rarefacted the wave is

Front 27

Pitch

Back 27

Related to frequency of sound wave

How fast the wave is going

Sound travels fastest through solids

Front 28

J.J. Thompson

Back 28

Determined electrons are negatively charged through cathode ray experiment

Front 29

Electric charge

Back 29

Positives and negatives

Opposite charges attract
Like charges repel

Front 30

Electrostatic charge

Back 30

Charges are stationary

still have forces between them

Front 31

Charging mechanisms

Back 31

Ways to charge objects

3 ways

Front 32

Friction

Back 32

Adds or takes away charges from objects

Ex. rub socks on carpet

Front 33

Contact

Back 33

Releasing accumulated charges onto an object

Front 34

Polarization

Back 34

When a charged object interacts with a neutral object

Charges in neutral object will redistribute

Front 35

Conductors

Back 35

Materials in which charge can easily flow

Front 36

Insulators

Back 36

Materials in which charge is not free to move

Front 37

Semiconductors

Back 37

Usually mixtures of different materials and charges can flow, but not easily

Front 38

Torsion balance

Back 38

Device used to measure tiny sources between charges

Front 39

Coulomb's law

Back 39

Created by Coulomb to study interaction between charges

Coulomb force can be attractive or repulsive

Front 40

Universal gravitation

Back 40

Similar to Coulomb Law

Pair-wise interaction

Gravity always attracts

Front 41

4 steps to solving Coulomb interaction problems

Back 41

1. Find the distance ratio

2. Square it

3. Does force increase or decrease

4. Multiply or divide original force by your # in step 2

Front 42

Coulomb constant

Back 42

6.24 x 10^18

# of electrons or protons in one coulomb

Front 43

Fundamental charge

Back 43

1.602 x 10^-19

amount of charge on one proton or electron

Front 44

Electric field

Back 44

An abstraction

measured "forces" that would be around an isolated charge

Front 45

Source charge

Back 45

Charge you are studying

Front 46

Test charge

Back 46

Positive charge

Looking at the interaction between that positive charge and the source charge

Front 47

Periodic table

Back 47

List of all elements

In pattern based on their properties

Front 48

Atomic number

Back 48

Smaller # usually

Tells you # of protons in an atom of that element

Also gives you # of electrons in NEUTRAL form of that element

Front 49

Atomic weight

Back 49

larger # usually

Number of protons and neutrons

Atomic weight - atomic # = neutrons

Front 50

Isotope

Back 50

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons

Front 51

Ion

Back 51

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of electrons

Front 52

Half life

Back 52

Amount of time for exactly half of a sample to decay