Respiratory System: Topic 20 And 21

Front 1

Urinary System: Function

Back 1

- Maintaining water balance in the body
- Regulating concentration and quantity of ECF ions
- Maintaining plasma volume
- Maintaining acid-base volume
- Maintaining proper osmolarity of body fluids
- Excreting end products of metabolism
-Excreting foreign compounds
- Secreting erthropoietin
- Secreting renin
- Coverting Vitamin D to active form

Front 2

Erthropoietin

Back 2

- Hormone secreted by urinary system
- Stimulates Red blood cell production

Front 3

Renin

Back 3

- Hormone secreted by urinary system
- Involved in salt regulation

Front 4

Renal Pelvis

Back 4

- Urine collecting cavity in inner core of each kidney

Front 5

Ureter

Back 5

- Carries urine from renal pelvis to bladder

Front 6

Urinary Bladder

Back 6

- Temporary storage area for urine

Front 7

Urethra

Back 7

- tube from bladder to environment

Front 8

Nephron Structure: Vascular Component

Back 8

- Renal artery subdivided into afferent arteriole
- Afferent arteriole subdivided into glomerular capillaries
- Efferent arterioles leave glomerulus and subdivide into peritubular capillaries

Front 9

Glomerulus

Back 9

- Where filtration occurs

Front 10

Efferent arterioles

Back 10

- Carries blood that was not filtered in glomerulus and has not exchange materials with surrounding tissues

Front 11

Peritubular Capillaries

Back 11

- Supply renal tissue with blood
- Contribute to exchange betwen tubular system and blood during urine production

Front 12

Nephron Structure: Tubular Component

Back 12

- Bowman's capsule
- Proximal tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- Distal Tubule
- Collecting duct

Front 13

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Back 13

- Lies next to glomerulus and makes up both vascular and tubular components
- Regulates kidney function

Front 14

Collecting duct

Back 14

- Collects fluid from up to 8 nephrons

Front 15

Glomerular Filtration

Back 15

- 20% of plasma filtered into Bowman's capsule
- All blood components (except protein and RBC) are filtered along with plasma

Front 16

Tubular Reabsorption

Back 16

- As filtrate going through tubules, some substances of value returned to body in peritubular capillaries

Front 17

Tubular Secretions

Back 17

- Transfer of substances from peritubular capillary to tubular system
- Often comes from blood not filtered in Bowman's capsule

Front 18

Glomerular Filtration Rate: Influencing Factors

Back 18

- Surface Area
- Permeability of glmoerular membrane
- Glmoerular capillary blood pressure
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Plasma osmotic pressure

Front 19

Intrinsic Regulation of Capillary Blood Pressure in Kidneys

Back 19

- Myogenic properties of arterioles in kidney and juxtaglomerular apparatus
- Detects changes in BP and adjusts GFR through vasoconstriction or dilation

Front 20

Extrinsic Regulation of Capillary Blood Pressure in Kidneys

Back 20

- Only occurs if 80>pressure>180 mm Hg
- Baroreceptor reflex stimulates sympathetic NS to either caus vasoconstriction or dilation

Front 21

Additional Regulation of GFR

Back 21

- Surface area and permeability changes in glomerular membrane

Front 22

Transepithelial Transport

Back 22

- Process of reabsorption used in kidney tubular system
- Requires molecules to cross apical membrane and basolateral membrane
- Uses active and passive transport

Front 23

Reabsorption: Na+

Back 23

- Uses facilitated diffusion to cross apical membrane
- Uses Na+-K+-ATPase pump pump to cross basolateral membrane
- Passively diffuses into blood

Front 24

Aldosterone

Back 24

- Hormone released when low plasma Na+ levels
- Increases Na+ reabsorption by causing channels to open and making new Na+-K+-ATPase pumps

Front 25

Na+ Dependent Secondary Active Transport

Back 25

- Used to transport glucose, amino acid, and nutritionally important compounds
- Move against concentration gradient by being transported with Na+ through apical membrane
- Diffuse across basolateral
- Driven by Na+-K+-ATPase pump because it keeps low levels of Na+ in tubular cells

Front 26

Glucose Reabsorption

Back 26

- Maximum transport rate is 375 mg/min
- 125 mg/ml reabsorbed during normal conditions
- Excess excreted in urine
- If there is so much excess glucose, body holds on to it

Front 27

Chloride Reabsorption

Back 27

- Uses Na+ Dependent Passive Process
- Follows electrical gradient of Na+

Front 28

Water Reabsorption

Back 28

- Uses Na+ Dependent Passive Process
- Occurs only in proximal tubules
-Osmotically follows Na+ across both membranes

Front 29

Urea Reabsorption

Back 29

- Uses Na+ Dependent Passive Process
- Follows concentration gradient est. by water leaving tubules

Front 30

Reabsorption of Phosphate, Ca+, Electrolytes

Back 30

- Equals normal plasma concentration of the molecule
- If excess, its excreted

Front 31

Parathyroid Hormone

Back 31

- Alters reabsorption rate of electrolytes to conserve them

Front 32

Secretion of H+

Back 32

- When ECF too acidic, H+ secreted passively
- Diffuse from peritubular capillaries to tubular system

Front 33

Secretion of K+: Reasons for Regulation

Back 33

- Must be closely regulated because too low causes hyperpolarization (reduced excitability) and too high causes excess excitability

Front 34

Secretion of K+: Mode of Transport

Back 34

- Actively moved in opposite direction by reabsorption (proximal tubule) and secretion (distal tubule)
- Active transport of Na+increases K+ secretion

Front 35

Secretion of K+: Regulation

Back 35

- Regulated by kidneys
- Too high increases aldosterone production, which increases secretion
- Too low reduces aldosterone production to decrease K+ secretion

Front 36

Waste Ion Secretion

Back 36

- Uses secretory carriers
- Include prostaglandins, pesticides, and drugs
- Secretion not regulated, jus try to get rid of enough as possible

Front 37

Urine Concentration Regulation: Loop of Henle

Back 37

1. Loop of Henle maintains a concentration gradient for collecting tubule to pass through
2. When collecting tubule passes through concentration gradient, water can move in or out