21 - The Respiratory System

Front 1

The four processes that make up the repiratory system.

Back 1

1. Pulomnery Ventilation (breathing)
2. External Respiration (movement of 02 from lungs into blood)
3. Transport of respiratory gases
4. Internal respiration (movememnt of O2 from blood into tissue cells)

Front 2

Respiratory Zone.

Back 2

The system where gas exchange takes place.

Front 3

Conducting Zone.

Back 3

The system where everything else takes place besides gas exchange.

Front 4

The three functions of the larynx.

Back 4

The functions of this organ are:
1. A patent airway.
2. A switching point for food/air passage.
3. Voice production.

Front 5

Epiglottis.

Back 5

This organ prevents food from going into the respiratory system. Does not work in an unconscious person.

Front 6

Speech.

Back 6

The intermittent release of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottis.

Front 7

Resonating chambers that improve cound quality.

Back 7

The larynx, oral cavity, sinus cavity, and nasal cavity.

Front 8

The three layers of the trachea.

Back 8

The layers of this organ are the: mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia.

Front 9

Componants of the mucosa layer in the trachea.

Back 9

This layer of the trachea has goblet cells and cilia.

Front 10

Air Flow path.

Back 10

This is the path of airflow:

Nose -> Nasophaynx -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Epiglottis -> Trachea -> Man bronchi (primary) -> Secondary bronchi -> Tertiary bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Terminal bronchioles -> Alveolar sacs -> Alveoli -> It gets absorbed into capillaries

Front 11

Type I Cells.

Back 11

These are squamous epithelial cells in the alveoli walls that are surrounded by a basement membrane.

Front 12

The place where gas exchange takes place.

Back 12

Alveoli.

Front 13

The Hilium.

Back 13

This is an indentation on the surface of the lungs through which pulmonary and systemic vessels enter and leave the lungs.

Front 14

Cardiac notch.

Back 14

An indentation in the left lung for the heart.

Front 15

Lungs in city dwellers and smokers.

Back 15

The connective tissue in lungs of these people is blackened due to carbon.

Front 16

The two circulations of the lungs.

Back 16

This organ has a pulomnary and bronchial circulation of arteries.

Front 17

Pulmonary arteries.

Back 17

These arteries bring deoxygenated venous blood from the heart. They branch and feed into the alveoli.

Front 18

Bronchial arteries.

Back 18

These arteries provide systemic blood to the lung tissues. It comes from the aorta.

Front 19

Innervation of the lungs.

Back 19

These organs have SNS and PSNS innervation. PSNS constricts bronchi and SNS dialates it.

Front 20

Pleurae.

Back 20

This is a thin double-layered serosa.

Front 21

The respiratory pressures are always relative to this measure.

Back 21

Patm (atmospheric pressure)

Front 22

The pressure at sealevel.

Back 22

760 mmHg

Front 23

These pressures are always equal.

Back 23

(Ppul) Intrapulmonary pressure is always equal to atmospheric pressure. It rises and falls with breathing.

Front 24

Intrapleural pressure (Pip).

Back 24

This is the pressure in the pleural cavity. It fluctuates with breathing but is always 4mmHg less than Ppul.

Front 25

Explain the pressures of the lungs...

Back 25

The atmospheric pressure at sealevel is 760mmHg. The pressures in the lungs are always equal to Patm. If they are lower by 4 atmospheres, it is written: -4mmHg. The pressure in the alveoli (Ppul)equals the Patm but rises and falls with breathing. The pressure in the pleural cavity (Pip) is always 4mmHg LESS than Ppul.

Front 26

TPUL.

Back 26

This is the difference between Ppul and Pip. Greater the transpulonary pressure, larger the lungs.

Front 27

Boyle's Law.

Back 27

At a constant temp, the pressure of gas varies inversely with it's volume.
P1V1 = P2V2

Front 28

Surfactant.

Back 28

This is found in the lungs to prevent the alveoli from collapsing betweek breathes. It's a detergent-like complex of lipids and proteins produced by type II cells in the lung alveolar cells.

Front 29

Lung Compliance (CL).

Back 29

The destensibility of the lungs, very high in healthy lungs. It's the measure of the change in lung volume that occures with a given change of TP.

Front 30

The 4 respiratory volumes clinically measured.

Back 30

1. Tidal volume
2. Inspiratory reserve volume
3. Expiratory reserve volume
4. Residual volume

Front 31

(TV) Tidal Volume.

Back 31

The amount of air the moves in and out per breathe during normal quiet breathing.

Front 32

(IRV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume.

Back 32

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond that of normal breathing.

Front 33

(ERV) Expiratory Reserve Volume.

Back 33

The amount of air the can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal expression.

Front 34

(RV) Residual Volume.

Back 34

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after forcible expiration. This helps prevent the lungs from collapsing.

Front 35

The 4 different respiratory capacities that are measured.

Back 35

1. (IC) Inspiratory Capacity
2. (VC) Vital Capacity
3. (TLC) Total Lung Capacity
4. (FRC) Functional Residual Capacity.

Front 36

(IC) Inspiratory Capacity.

Back 36

The total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal volume expiration. (TV+IRV)

Front 37

(VC) Vital Capacity.

Back 37

The total amount of air exchanged. (TV+IRV+ERV)

Front 38

(TLC) Total Lung Capacity.

Back 38

The sum of all lung volumes.

Front 39

(FRC) Functional Residual Capacity.

Back 39

The combined RV and ERV that represent the amount of air remaining in the lungs after tidal respiration.

Front 40

Dead Space.

Back 40

If alveoli collapse, it produces dead space, also the air that fills up other areas besides the alveoli. To find total dead space, you add all of the anatomical dead space values.