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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the lower respiratory tract?
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Begins with the trachea and includes the main stem bronchi, bronchial tubes and lungs (alveoli).
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What lines the trachea, bronchi and bronchial tubes?
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Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, contained in a mucous membrane.
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What do the cilia do?
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Move a layer of mucous toward the laryngopharynx where it can be swallowed or coughed up.
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What produce the mucus in the lower respiratory tract? What does the mucus do?
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Goblet cells. Traps debris.
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Where is the trachea?
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(C6-T4) Continuous with the larynx, a midline structure that extends from C6 vertebra to the sternal angle at the level of T4.
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Where does the trachea bifurcate?
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The transverse thoracic plane passes through the sternal angle b/t T4-T5, this is where it bifurcates into two bronchi.
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What is the size of the trachea?
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3/4" diameter
3 & 1/2" to 5" long in adults |
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What is the shape of the trachea?
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A cylinder with a cross-sectional profile shaped like a horseshoe.
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What is the trachea composed of?
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-20 cartilage rings
-smooth muscle -mucous glands |
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What do the cartilage rings in the trachea look like?
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U-shaped, made of hyaline cartilages
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What does the smooth muscle of the trachea do?
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Functions to open the trachea while breathing.
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What is the blood supply to the trachea?
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Borrows from thryroid;
-superior and inferior thyroid arteries -superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins |
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What are the primary (main stem) bronchi differences?
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Right main bronchus - larger diameter, more vertical, shorter length
Left main brochus - smaller diameter, less vertical, longer length More lung on R side b/c of heart on L side. |
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What branch off the primary main bronchus?
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Secondary lobar bronchi
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What are the secondary lobar bronchi?
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Go to the lobes of the lungs.
Right lung - 3 lobes and 3 lobar bronchi Left lung - 2 lobes and 2 lobar bronchi |
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What branches from the secondary lobar bronchi?
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Tertiary (segmental) bronchi.
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What are the tertiary (segmental) bronchi?
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Go to bronchopulmonary segments.
Right lung - 10 segments and 10 segmental bronchi Left lung - 8 segments and 8 segmental bronchi |
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What are the terminal bronchioles?
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Branches of segmental bronchi.
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What are the respiratory bronchioles?
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Contain the alveoli.
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What are the alveoli?
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Air sacs of the lungs. Single cell in thickness, organized in clusters, surrounded by dense capillary network.
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What is the arterial blood supply to the bronchi?
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3 bronchial arteries (2 L and 1 R) from descending aorta, supply bronchial tubes NOT alveoli
NOT part of pulmonary circulation |
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What is the venous blood supply to the bronchi?
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Bronchial veins drain to the azygos veins which are tributaries to the superior vena cava.
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What is the surface anatomy of the lung?
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-fissures and lobes
-cardiac notch -lingula -apex and base -hilum -visceral pleura |
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What is the oblique fissure of the lung?
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L lung - divides upper and lower lobes
R lung - divides middle lobe from the lower lobe, and upper lobe from the middle lobe |
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What is the horizontal fissure of the lung?
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Only in R lung, divides the upper lobe from the middle lobe.
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What is the cardiac notch of the lung?
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In upper lobe of L lung, adjacent to heart.
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What is the lingula of the lung?
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In upper lobe of L lung, adjacent to the cardiac notch. Shaped like a tongue.
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What are the base and apex of the lung?
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Apex - above first rib, AKA cupola
Base - adjacent to respiratory diaphragm |
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What is the hilum of the lung?
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Contains structures entering and exiting the lungs, i.e. bronchi, pulmonary vessels and nerves, lymphatic vessels and bronchial vessels.
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What is the visceral pleura of the lung?
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Serous membrane covering the external surface of lungs.
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What structures are involved in pulmonary circulation?
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-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary arteries (L and R) -alveolar capillary network -pulmonary veins |
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Where does the pulmonary trunk come from?
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Emerges from the R ventricle
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What are the pulmonary arteries?
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L and R, have branching patterns similar to bronchi. Carry deoxygenated blood.
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What is the alveolar capillary network?
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Functional part of the pulmonary circulation, provides for exchange of blood gases with air in the alveoli.
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What is the total surface area of the capillary network?
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Must be equal in size to all of the combined capillaries in all the organs in the body.
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What are the pulmonary veins?
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Collect oxygenated blood from alveoli and return it to the L atrium.
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What are the sensory neurons (GVA) that innervate the lower respiratory tract?
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Vagus nerve CN X
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What kind of sensory receptors are in the lower respiratory tract and where are they located?
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stretch receptors - in alveoli and smooth muscle
irritant receptors - respiratory epithelium tactile receptors - cough reflex baroreceptors - pulmonary arteries chemoreceptors - pulmonary veins (detect blood gases) |
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What supplies motor (GVE neurons) fibers to the lower respiratory tract?
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Autonomic fibers contained in pulmonary nerve plexus.
-sympathetic -parasympathetic |
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What do the sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the lower respiratory tract do?
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Go to smooth muscle and glands to inhibit glandular secretion, induce vasoconstriction of bronchial vessels, and dilate bronchial tubes.
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What do the parasympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the lower respiratory tract do?
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Go to smooth muscle and glands to increase glandular secretion, induce vasodilation of bronchial vessels, and constrict bronchial tubes.
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What contributes to the parasympathetic innervation to the lower respiratory tract?
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Pulmonary nerve plexus by the vagal nerves (CN X), which synapse with post-ganglionic parasym. fibers on the surfaces of bronchial tubes and vessels.
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What are the lymphatic plexuses of the lower respiratory tract?
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-superficial plexus
-deep plexus |
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What is the superficial plexus?
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Lies deep to the visceral pleura, drains lymph from the visceral pleura and lung parenchyma to the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes in the hilum.
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What is the deep plexus?
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In the walls of bronchi, drains lymph from the bronchi to the pulmonary lymph nodes near the hilum and then goes to the bronchopulmonary nodes in the hilum.
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What are the lymph nodes in the lower respiratory tract and where are they located?
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In sequence of lymphatic drainage
1. pulmonary nodes-in lungs at the bifurcations of larger bronchi 2. bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes)-in hilum 3. tracheobronchial nodes-at the bifurcation of the trachea 4. tracheal nodes-lateral surfaces of the trachea |
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What are the lymph trunks of the lower respiratory tract?
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-right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
-left bronchomediastinal lymph trunk |
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What does the right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk drain?
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Drains lymph from the right side of the trachea to the right lymphatic duct (behind subclavian)
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What does the left bronchomediastinal lymph trunk drain?
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Drains lymph from the left side of the trachea to the thoracic duct.
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