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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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External Respiration |
CO2/O2 exchange within the lungs |
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Internal Respiration |
CO2/O2 exchange within the body tissues |
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mechanical respiration |
air exchange that occurs between the lungs and the atmosphere |
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Pathway of air down the respiratory tract |
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
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what are the structures that prevent particles from going into lungs |
- mucous traps particles - hairs trap large particles - cilia sweep upwards so debris doesn't get into lungs - epiglottis prevent food from going into the pharynx instead of the esophagus |
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Pros of breathing through nose |
air is filtered, warmed, and moistened. It is warmed by the extensive network of capillaries in the cavity walls |
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why is surfactant necessary? |
to prevent the walls of the lungs from sticking together when empty (because of the thin layer of water lining the lung and the cohesive properties of water) |
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what happens during inspiration |
diaphragm moves downward; ribs move up and outward (due to intercostal muscles). this causes an increase in size of the thoracic cavity and a drop in pressure within the cavity. Air is forced into the lungs by the high external atmospheric pressure, but they expand due to contract due to contraction of muscles (facilitated by pleural membranes) |
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outer pleural membrane/inner pleural membrane |
outer attached to diaphragm and walls of rib cage inner attached to lungs |
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what happens during expiration |
stretch receptors send a signal to the brain to inhibit the breathing centre of the brain. The diaphragm relaxes. Abdominal organs push up, and the rips move downward and inwards - because of the recoil action of ligaments. Also, elasticity of lung tissue causes them to return to their relaxed size --> forcing air out |
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emphysema |
reduced elasticity of the lung tissue |
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dead space |
top portion of respiratory tract that never reaches alveoli, and is not used for gas exchange |
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residual air |
portion of the air that never leaves the lungs |
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tidal volume |
volume of air that enters and leaves lungs during breath |
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forced expiratory volume |
tidal volume plus other air that can be forcibly exhaled |
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vital capacity |
max volume of air that may be exchanged with the environment |
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alveolar volume |
portion of dead space |
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why is there a limit as to how big a snorkel can be |
When you put on a snorkel, you are adding to the dead space. The longer the snorkel is, the more CO2 is being held in the dead space, which results in not enough CO2 being exhaled, and not enough new O2 being inhaled |
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why do we cough? |
when there are extreme amounts of debris in our trachea, we cough to get rid of it |
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how is CO2 found in the blood |
1. HCO3- 2. H2CO3 3. Plasma CO2 4. HbCO2 |
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Role of oxyhemoglobin |
carries oxygen around in the blood bonds with 4 oxygen under good conditions |
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Role of carbaminohemoglobin |
one of the forms that CO2 exists in the blood |
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role of reduced hemoglobin |
acts as a buffer in blood Gives off the H+ proton for it to associate with HCO3- to make H2CO3 |
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when does Hb have a high affinity for O2 |
PO2 is high, pH is low, temperature is low |
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When does Hb have a low affinity for CO2 |
PO2 is low, pH is high, temp is high |
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what is the primary stimulus that controls breathing |
the amount of CO2 and H+ in the blood, regulated by the medulla oblongata |
