Respiratory System

Front 1

Respiratory Volumes:

Describe Tidal Volume (TV)

Back 1

The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one normal breath

- about 500 mL

Front 2

Respiratory Volumes:

Describe Residual Volume (RV)

Back 2

The amount of air left after the hardest forced expiration
-some air is always left in the lungs so they dont collapse
-this air is forced out when you get the wind knocked out of you
-about 1300mL

Front 3

Respiratory Volumes:

Describe Inspiratory Reserve Volume
(IRV)

Back 3

the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort.
-about 3000mL

Front 4

Respiratory Volumes:

Describe Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV)

Back 4

the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort
-about 1200 mL

Front 5

Respiratory Capacities:
(obtained by adding 2 or more respiratory volumes)

Describe Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Back 5

Max amt of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration.

IC=TV+IRV
about 3500mL

Front 6

Respiratory Capacities:
(obtained by adding 2 or more respiratory volumes)

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Back 6

amt of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
FRC=RV+ERV

-abt 2500 mL

Front 7

Respiratory Capacities:
(obtained by adding 2 or more respiratory volumes)

describe Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Back 7

vital capacity plus residual capacity
TLC=RV+VC
abt 6000 mL

Front 8

Respiratory Volumes:

Describe Tidal Volume (TV)

Back 8

The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one normal breath

- about 500 mL

Front 9

Respiratory Volumes:

Describe Residual Volume (RV)

Back 9

The amount of air left after the hardest forced expiration
-some air is always left in the lungs so they dont collapse
-this air is forced out when you get the wind knocked out of you
-about 1300mL

Front 10

Respiratory Volumes:

Describe Inspiratory Reserve Volume
(IRV)

Back 10

the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort.
-about 3000mL

Front 11

Respiratory Volumes:

Describe Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV)

Back 11

the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort
-about 1200 mL

Front 12

Respiratory Capacities:
(obtained by adding 2 or more respiratory volumes)

Describe Vital Capacity

Back 12

Max amt of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible.

vc=tv+irv+erv
about 4700 mL

Front 13

Describe the Larynx

Back 13

-Cartilaginous box inferior to the pharynx
-starts at base of tongue
-contains 9 pieces of cartilidge
a. thyroid cartilage
-forms adams apple (laryngeal promininence)
b. Cricoid cartilage
-only one that forms a complete ring around larynx
- below thyroid cartiliage

Front 14

What are the 2 kinds of Breathing Control

Back 14

1. neural system
-nervous system
2. chemical
- o2 c02 levles and pH

Front 15

What are the 2 Neural Mechanisms?

Back 15

Voluntary system -
-originates in Cerebral Cortex
- controls breathing during eating and vocalizing
-allows you to hold breath,breathe deep etc
-can temp overide involuntary system
2. Involuntary system
- originates in Medulaa and Pons
-regulates respiration according to metabolic needs
-controls normal breathing
-rhythmic

Front 16

What are the 3 major factors involved in voluntary breathing?

Back 16

1. Medullary rhythmicity centers
2. Pneumotaxic Center
3. Respiratory Reflexes

Front 17

What are the charact. of the Medulllary Rhythmicity Centers?

Back 17

-in Medulla oblongata
-sets rhythm for inspiration & expiration
-2 seconds for expiration -3 secs for expiration
-5 secs. total

Front 18

what are the 2 parts of the medullary rhythmicity center?

Back 18

a. dorsal respiratiry group
I neurons
-inspiratory
-fire during inspiration
b. ventral respiratory group
- in ventral medulla
-ususally silent
-expiratory center I neurons surrounded by E neurons
E neurons - function only during forced expiration
-expiratory
-fire during expiration and inhibit I neurons
- not during normal expiration

Front 19

What nerve do the fibers of I and E neurons travel thru

Back 19

fibers of these neurons travel down the spinal cord and synapse with neurons in PHRENIC NERVE which goes to diapragm and intercostal muscles.

Front 20

Describe Pneumotaxic center

Back 20

-in pons
-results in rapid shallw breathing
-constantly inhibits dorsal resp. center
-when pneumotaxic ctr increases activity get faster shallow breathing
- when PC decreases actvity get slower deeper breathing.

Front 21

Describe Respiratory Reflexes

Back 21

a. inhalaton reflex


b. joint relflex

Front 22

What are the 5 functions of the Respiratory System?

Back 22

1.Gas Exchange
2.Sound
3.release of heat from body
4.pH regulation by controlling CO2 levels in blood

Front 23

what are the 3 parts of nose and nasal cavity?

Back 23

1. nose
2.external nares
3.nasal cavity

Front 24

What do the sinuses do?

Back 24

-resonating chamber
-air containing spaces in skull which open into the nasal cavity
-lined with mucous membrane -continuous with nasal cavity
-lightens skul,resonance chamber.

Front 25

what are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

Back 25

nasaopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharnx

Front 26

where are the tonsils?

Back 26

Pharanyx

3 set of tonsils

Front 27

where are the vocal chords?

Back 27

part of larynx
inside larynx
posterior to thyroid cartilage
are folds of soft tissue that project into the lumen of the larynx

Front 28

what are the "vestibular fold" of the vocal chords?

Back 28

VESTIBULAR FOLD -false vocal chords -not involved in sound production
-close to glottis during swallowing-more important than epiglottis

Front 29

what are the true vocal chords?

Back 29

inferior to false one
2 folds w/ horizontal slit btwn them
-this slit is hte glottis
-as air passes over them they vibrate and make sound like stretching balloon

Front 30

where and what is the glottis?

Back 30

this slit is hte glottis
- superior to the larynx
-glottis opens and closes to prevent food from going in trachea

Front 31

where does the trachea originate and termite

Back 31

from larynx to bronchial tree

aka windpipe

Front 32

describe anatomy of ttrachea?

Back 32

ca. 1 '' in diameter
ca 4.5 '' long
lined w/ ciliated epithelium
-pseudostratified columnar
-with goblet cells
-has 16-20 rings of cartilage for support - some shaped like c

Front 33

where does the bronchial tree branch off of?

Back 33

branches off trachea
-from trachea to alveoli

Front 34

draw the bronchial tree

Back 34

pending

Front 35

describe alveoli anatomy, what type of cells are they made of

Back 35

microscopic sacs budding off from bronchioles

simple squamous cell

Front 36

describe alveolar ducts

Back 36

small airways leading into clusters of alveoli -resemble grapes

Front 37

what takes place in alveoli

Back 37

gas exchange takes place

Front 38

what is each alveolus covered with

Back 38

covered by a jacket of pulmonary capillaries- very thin walls of alveoili and caps allow for diffusion of gas

Front 39

what is the respiratory membrane

Back 39

-o2 must pass across to enter into blood
-made of
alveolur epithelium -fused basement membrane of cap endothelium and capillary endothelium
very thin

Front 40

how do the lungs protect themselves from particles that make it into lungs

Back 40

alveolur macrophages which phogocytize particles that make it into lungs
-cells that secrete pulmonary sufactant