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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principle Function of Respiratory System |
The exchange of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) |
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Functions of Respiratory System |
1. Exchange gases between body (blood) and environment (atmosphere) 2. Protection from inhaled pathogens and particles 3. Vocalization (provides sound) 4. Water and heat loss/exchange 5. Regulation of body fluid pH (more CO2 changes pH balance) 6. Protects Respiratory surface from dehydration (keeps moist with mucous) |
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Exchange of gases (4) processes |
1. Pulmonary VENTILATION: moving air in/out of respiratory tract 2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: moving gases between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries 3. GAS TRANSPORT: how gases are transported through the vasculature 4. INTERNAL RESPIRATION: moving gases between the blood and peripheral tissues |
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Pulmonary Ventilation |
Moving air in/out of lungs and respiratory tract |
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External Respiration |
moving gases between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries (gas exchange between lungs and blood) |
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Gas Transport |
How gases are transported through the vasculature (Transport of gases through the blood) |
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Internal Respiration |
moving gases between the blood and peripheral tissues (gas exchange between the blood and cells) |
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Categorize by Anatomical Position |
Upper: Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, [LARYNX] Lower: Trachea, Bronchii, Bronchioles, Alveoli |
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Categorize by Physiological Function |
Conducting pathway: Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi Respiratory pathway: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveoli |
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Histology of the Respiratory System |
Respiratory tract (except Pharynx, Bronchioles, and Alveoli): Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial mucosa Pharynx: Stratified Non-keratonized squamous |
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Mucous produced by respiratory mucosa function |
moistens and warms air Filters particulates (traps dusts, bacteria, etc.) |
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Function of Cilia |
Sweeps these particulates up towards the pharynx where it is swallowed and moved to stomach for digestion. Mucous Elevator Overexposure to foreign substance=overproduction of mucous (e.g. viral cold) |
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UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
Nose/Nasal Cavity Pharynx |
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Nose / Nasal Cavity |
Nose is the primary entry for air into the respiratory tract. |
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Nose/Nasal Cavity Anatomy |
External nares (nostrils) Nasal Vestibule Olfactory region Nasal Conchea/turbinates Palate Internal nares (posterior nasal aperture) Paranasal Sinuses |
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External Nares / Nostrils |
paired openings for air entry separated by a nasal septum (posterior is bone: ethmoid/vomer) (anterior is cartilage: hyaline) |
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Nasal Vestibule |
Epithelium lined with vibrissae (long hairs) to trap large particles/insects |
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Olfactory region |
Superior surface of nasal cavity Lined by olfactory epithelium |
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Olfactory Epithelium |
Epithelium helps dissolve odor-causing molecules detected by olfactory neurons that protrude through cribriform plate of ethmoid |
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Nasal Conchae / Turbinates |
superior, middle, and inferior conchae: force the air to flow in a turbulent way, helping to moisten and warm the air, enhancing contact with mucosa. |
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Palate |
Separates oral and nasal cavities Hard palate Soft palate (posterior) marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and rest of pharynx |
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Hard Palate |
Formed from the maxillary and palatine bones |
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Internal nares / Posterior nasal aperture |
air exits the nasal cavity via the internal nares and enters the pharynx |
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Paranasal sinuses |
Hollow, air-filled structures in the ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid and maxillary bones Connect to the nasal cavity through small canals (ostia) Lined by pseudostratified mucus epithelium |
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Pharynx |
Region where the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and throat come together. Shared between respiratory and digestive systems Extends from internal nares to trachea/esophagus openings |
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Pharynx ANATOMY |
(NasoOroLaryngo) Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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Nasopharynx |
Superior portion of pharynx Extends from internal nares to posterior margin of soft palate Openings in the sides lead to middle ear via auditory tube Pharyngeal tonsil located in posterior wall |
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Oropharynx |
Extends from the soft palate to the base of the tongue at the hyoid. Tongue (extends into oral cavity) & Uvula (cone-like soft tissue projection from soft palate) |
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Uvula |
Cone-like soft tissue projection from soft palate Contributes to human vocalization Helps block the internal nares during swallowing (prevents nasal regurgitation) Palatine tonsils on either side of uvula |
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Laryngopharynx |
Narrow portion of the pharynx between oropharynx and esophagus entrance |
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LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
Larynx Trachea Bronchii Lungs Alveoli |
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Larynx |
Inspired (inhaled) air leaves the pharynx by passing through the glottis Complex structure that involves cartilages, ligaments, and several muscles F(x): Ensures air moves down trachea and food moves down esophagus Helps with swallowing and production of vocalizations |
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Larynx Cartilage |
Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Epiglottis |
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Thyroid Cartilage |
Comprised of hyaline cartilage Shield formed on anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. Anterior surface often prominent (Adam's Apple) Inferior margin articulates with cricoid cartilage Superior margin articulates with epiglottis & smaller cartilages |
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Cricoid Cartilage |
ring of hyaline cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage connected by cricothyroid ligament protects entrance to the trachea Ligaments on inferior edge connect it to first tracheal cartilage |
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Cricothyroid Ligament |
Connects cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage |
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Epligottis |
Made of Elastic cartilage Projects above the glottis, connected to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. Elevation of larynx/hyoid bone causes epiglottis to fold back over glottis Prevents aspiration of food/liquids into the trachea |
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Vocal Chords |
Delicate, elastic vocal folds (true vocal chords) lie in the glottis medial to inelastic vestibular folds (false vocal chords). |
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Vestibular folds |
(inelastic false vocal chords) protect vocal chords, help prevents foreign objects from entering the glottis. |
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles |
(lateral/posterior cricoarytenoid muscles) act to increase/decrease tension on the vocal folds (via connections of vestibular folds) during sound production, changing sound pitch. |
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Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles |
Open the vocal folds and are opposed by lateral cricoarytenoids |
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Asphyxiation |
Can be caused by paralysis of posterior arytenoids blocking the passage of air. |
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Vocalization (sound) |
Accounted for by rapid closing and opening (relaxation and contraction) of the glottis |
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Trachea (windpipe) |
Tough, inflexible tube leading to primary bronchii Lined by pseudostratified cilliated (columnar) mucus epithelial Stiffened by 15-20 tracheal cartilages connected to one another by annular ligaments. |
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Tracheal Cartilages |
C-shaped partial rings of hyaline cartilage connected to one-another by annular (ring-like) ligaments. Open portion of C-shaped tracheal cartilage faces posteriorly, adjacent to underlying esophagus. Ends connected by trachealis. |
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Trachealis |
A band of smooth muscle, connects ends of c-shaped tracheal cartilages. Controls airflow: Partially contracted, thus reducing size of tracheal lumen and reduces airflow. Relaxation improves airflow. |
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Primary Bronchi |
Branches from the trachea, leading to each lung via hilum. Outside serous pleural membrane Right primary bronchii has a large diameter and steeper angle (foreign objects enter trachea and lodge in the right bronchii) |
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Hilum |
Groove, provides passageway for nerves and blood vessels supplying lung tissue. |
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Lung Root |
region where hilum of each lung is located |
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Lungs |
Left/Right lungs within pleural cavities Roughly coned-shaped Each: Apex (superior tip) & broad, concave base resting on surface of diaphragm. Left lung impression/cardiac notch rest heart |
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Lungs ANATOMY |
Pleura Lobes Pulmonary bronchi Bronchioles |
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Pleura |
Each lung sits within a separate serous cavity: visceral pleural membrane (lining of outer surface lungs) and parietal pleural membrane (lines inner surface of thoracic cavity/diaphragm) Serous cavity filled with pleural fluid (lubricates the lungs and is critical in pulmonary ventilation |
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Lobes |
Each lung is divided into distinct portions (lobes) Right- three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) Left- two lobes (superior and inferior, rest of space taken by heart) |
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Pulmonary bronchi |
Primary: from trachea to entrance of lungs Smaller bronchi: secondary and tertiary bronchi, have cartilage plates to stiffen them and prevent collapse. |
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Bronchioles |
Subsequent branching of tertiary bronchi leads Many divisions to large # of terminal bronchioles Simple cuboidal epithelium, no cilia or mucous cells |
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Terminal Bronchioles |
Considerable smooth muscle in its walls (determines resistance to airflow) Divides into several respiratory bronchioles, and each lead to single alveolar sac (via short alveolar duct) consists of several individual alveoli. |
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Alveolar duct |
Duct leading from respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sac. |
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Asthma Attack |
Smooth muscle in terminal bronchioles bronchoconstrict, cutting off ariflow to the alveoli. |
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Alveoli |
Small, air-filled sacs where gas exchange occurs. Simple squamous epithelium and thin basal lamina Pulmonary capillaries fused with alveolar basal lamina to reduce diffusion distances for gas exchange |
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Alveoli ANATOMY |
Type I Alveolar cells Type II Alveolar cells Surfactant |
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Type I Alveolar cells |
Compromise the gas exchange surface of the alveolus |
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Type II Alveolar cells |
Each alveolus only has a few type II Responsible for production of surfactant |
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Surfactant |
Soap-like lipoprotein that reduced surface tension of water Stops alveoli from collapsing Alveoli more expandable (stops alveoli from sticking together and collapsing-wet slide example) Chemical damage reduces surfactant production |
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NRDS |
Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome Little surfactant, lungs collapse |
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Pressure Gradient |
air flows from areas of greater pressure to lower pressure areas (lungs and planet's atmosphere) |
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Inspiration |
[Air Enters Lungs] |
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Process of Inspiration |
Diaphragm flattens (2/3 expansion of thoracic cavity) Ribs move up and out (external intercostals contract) (1/3) Expansion of chest cavity drags parietal pleural membrane, pulling visceral outward as Pressure decreases Lungs expand (decrease pressure in alveoli) Air enters lungs (P_alveoli < P_atmosphere) |
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Expiration |
[Air Force OUT of lungs] |
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Process of Expiration |
Diaphragm relaxes (bulges in middle) Ribs move down and in Chest cavity volume decreases (elastic recoil) Intrapleural cavity pressure increases Lungs shrink (alveoli compressed) Air leaves lungs (P_alveoli > P_atm.) |
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When does diaphragm relax? |
During Expiration |
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Quiet Breathing |
Inspiration dominated by diaphragm (75% of inspired air) w/ assistance from external intercostals (25%) Expiration-largely passive (relax diaphragm and ex. i.costals & elastic recoil of the lung) |
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Deeper Breathing / Exercise |
Diaphragm=dominant but other muscles help with inspiration and expiration |
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Muscles that help with inspiration |
External intercostals Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major ...more |
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Muscles that help with expiration |
Abdominal muscles Internal Intercostals |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
Result of smoking Combo of chronic bronchitis (overproduction of mucus) and emphysema |
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Emphysema |
Combo of inflammation of tissues in the smaller passages of the lungs along with damage to alveolar exchange surfaces |
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Symptoms of COPD |
Shortness of breath Irregular breathing Chronic cough (with copious sputem production) |
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Pneumothorax |
Air entry into pleural space, introduce air to the fluid layer. |
