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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organs are including in the respiratory system? (6)
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nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
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what are the 5 functions of the RS?
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1) gaseous exchange for the cellular respiratory process
2) sound production 3)assistance in abdonminal compression 4) route for water and heat loss from the body 5)defense against inhaled foreign matter |
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What is exxternal respiration?
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process by which gases are exchanged between the air in the alveoli and blood within the pulmonary capillareis by the process of diffusion.
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What is internal respiration?
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the process by which gases are exchanged between the blood and the cells
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what is cellular respiration?
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the process by which cells use O2 for metabolism and give off CO2 as a waste product
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What is the bronchial tree?
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trachea divides inferiorly to form the right and left primary bronchi, they branch into secondary bronchi which branch into numerous teriary bronchi and terminate in the bronchioles.
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What do terminal bronchioles branch into?
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many alveolar ducts that lead directly in alveolar sacs
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What are alveolar sacs formed of?
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many microscopic pulmonary alveoli
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what occurs in the pulmonary alveoli?
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gas exchange with the blood of the circulatory system occurs through the thin-walled, moistened pulmonary alveoli
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What does the epithelium lining of the alvioli secrete?
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a phospholipidprotein surfactant
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what does the phospohlipidprotein surfactanc secreted by the alvioli do
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lowers the surface tesnion inside the alveolus
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What are found within the alveolar wall?
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phagocytic alveolar macrophages
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what do phagocytic alveolar macrophages within the alveolar wall do?
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remove dust particles and other debris from the pulmonary alveolus (dust cells)
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why does air move in a nd out of the lungs?
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because of a pressure gradient
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when does inpiration occur?
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when contraction of the respiratory muslces cuases and increase in thoracic volume
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what respiratory muslces contract during inspiration?
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the diaphragm contracts and descends and the external intercostal muscles elevate
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what does the contracting of muscles during inpiration do?
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causes a decrease in the alveolar pressure and air enters the lungs as the alveolar pressure falls below the atmospheric pressure
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When does expiration occur?
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as the thoracic volume decreases and the alveolar pressure rises above the atmospheric pressure
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What happens in expiration?
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diaphragm relaxes and internal intercostal muscles contract
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hypoxia:
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a deprivation of oxygen in tissues and organs
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Eupnea:
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normal breathing
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Dyspnea:
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difficult or labored breathing
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Apnea:
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temporary cessation of respiration that may follow hyperventilation
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Cheyne-strokes:
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periods of dypnea follwed by periods of apnea (death)
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repiration rate:
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12-15 times/minute
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oxygen consumption?
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250 ml O2 per minute at rest
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what is bronchoconstricion?
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decreased radius and increased resistance to flow allergy induced spasm of the airways
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what may cause bronchoconstriction?
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release of histamine,
neucral control through the PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION during periods of quite, relaxed situation when demand for airflow is low |
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what is bronchodilation?
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increased radius, and decreased resistance to airflow
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what may cause bronchodilation?
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Neural control: sympathetic stimulation during periods of increased demands of oxygen uptake
Hormonal control: epinephrine or norepinephrine |
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Asthma:
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disease characterized by recurrent attacks of dyspnea. usually in response to allergic reaction
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Pneumonia:
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acute infection and inflammation fo the lungs with exudation (acc. of fluid)
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Chronic bronchitis:
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long term inflammatory condition of the lower respiratory airways, generally triggered by frequent exposure to bad air
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emphysema:
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collapse of the smaller airways and a breakdown of alveolar walls
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What causes emphysema?
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excesseve release of destruction enzymes such as trypsin from alveolar macrphages as a defense mechanism in response to bad air.
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TIdal Volume (TV):
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the volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during normal breathing- 400-500 ml
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Inspiratory reserve Volume (IRV):
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the maximum volume beyond the tidal volume that can be inspired in one deep breath- 3000 ml
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
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the maximum volume beyond the tidal volume that can be forefully exhaled following a normal expiration- 1100 ml
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Residual Volume (RV):
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the air that remains in the lungs following a forcful expiration - 1200 ml
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Minute respiratory volume (MRV)
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the volume of air moved in normal ventilation in one minute
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Alveolar ventilation volume (AVV):
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the volume of air that actually ventilates the alveoli
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Dead air:
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air which fills the passageways of the alveoli- about 30% of the tidal volume
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Total lung capacity (TLC):
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sum of the four lung volumes 5700 ml
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Vital capacity (VC)
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represents the total amount of air that can be exchanged by the lungs- about 4600 ml
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spirogram
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record of pulmonary volumes and capacities
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What are the 6 layer of the respiratory membrane?
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1)surfactant
2) thin layer of fluid- water 3) alveolar epithelium 4) interstitial space 5)capillary basement membrane 6) capillary endothelium |
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Surfactant disease:
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hyaline membrane disease or respiratory distress syndrome
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what are the 4 factors affecting gaseous diffusion across the resp membrane?
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1) thichness of the resp. membrane
2) surface area of the membrane 3) diffusion coefficent of each gas 4) pressure difference across the membrane |
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what are factors that effect the thickness of the resp membrane?
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Edmea in the lungs and pneumonia
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what are factors that affect the surface area of the membrane?
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emphysema (decreases surface area)
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what are the pressure differences across the membrane for O2 and CO2?
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O2 = 104
CO2=40 |
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What is the atomopheric air of N2?
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78.6
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What is the atomopheric air of O2?
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20.8
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What is the atomopheric air of CO2?
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.04
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What is the atomopheric air of H2O?
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.5
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What is the Alveolar air of H2O?
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6.2
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What is the expired air of O2?
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15.7
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what is the expired air of CO2?
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3.6
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How much O2 is dissolved in blood and why?
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1-3% because O2 is not very soluble in water
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How much O2 is carried by RBC?
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97-99%
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What determines whether oxygen is bound or released by hemoglobin?
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concentration (partial pressure) of oxygen
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what percentage of atmospheric air does oxygen make up? what does this have to do with atmospheric pressure?
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21% it means that oxygen is responsible for 21% of the atmospheric pressure of air
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Why does the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide differ in the alveoli and atmosphere?
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due to the high CO2 contribution of venous blood
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what is the alveolar PO2?
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104 mmHG
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What is the alveolar PCO2 level?
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40 mmHG at sea level
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how much hemoglobin (Hb) in blood?
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15 gm Hb/100 ml
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how much oxygen can 1 gm of Hb carry?
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1.34 ml
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What factors affect the Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve?
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ph, PCO2, temperature, and 2,3-DPG
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What are the three major ways CO2 is transported?
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Dissolved in the blood
carried by hemoglobin as bicarbonate ion |
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how much of CO2 is disolved in the blood?
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about 7-8%
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how much CO2 is transported by Hb?
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23-25%
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what is a HB carrying CO2 called?
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Carbaminohemoglobin
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How much of CO2 is transported as a bicarbonate ion?
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65-70%
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WHat does barbonic acid dissociate to form?
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hydrogen and bicarbonate atoms
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where does carbonic acid dissociate occur? where is it fastest?
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plasma and RBC's, fastest in RBC's because of carbonic anhydrase
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Where do Bicarbonate ions go?
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made in the RBC and diffuse into the plasma where they travel to the lungs
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What balances out the positive charge in RBC's after bicarbonate leaves?
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Cl- diffuses in from the plasma
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What controls the basic rhythm of respiration?
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the medullary respiratory center in the brain stem
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what does the mdullary respiratory center consist of?
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the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups within the medulla
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What help regulate respiration outside of the MRC?
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tha apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
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what does the dorsal respiratory group consist of?
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inspiratory neurons whose descending fibers stimulate inspiratory muslces
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what does the ventral respiratory group consist of?
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inspiratory and expiratory neorons which become active during periods in which demnads on ventilation are increased
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when do the neurons in the ventral respiratory group become active?
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when demands on ventilation are increased
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What does the pneumotzxic center do?
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sends impulses to the odrsal neurons that help "switch off" the inspiratory neurons theryby limiting the duration of inspiration
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what does the apneustic center do?
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prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus provideing an etra boost to the inspiratory drive
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why is the Herring-Breuer reflex triggered?
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to prevent overinflation of the lungs
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What chemicals help control respiration?
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P02, PCO2, and H
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Where are Perihperal chemoreceptors located?
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in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies
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what stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors?
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stimulated by decreased PO2 and increased H concentrations
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Central Chemoreceptors are located where?
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In the medulla
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what do central chemoreceptors do?
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respond to changes in brain extracellular fluid leels of PCO2.
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Increased PCO2 does what?
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stimulates respiration
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