Respiratory System

Front 1

pharynx

Back 1

passageway just behind the mouth that connects the mouth & nasal cavity to the larynx & esophagus

Hint 1

back of throat

Front 2

nostrils

Back 2

inhale & filter dust & bacteria

Front 3

4 stages of respiration

Back 3

Breathing, external respiration, internal respiration, cellular respiration

Front 4

stage 1 of respiration: breathing

Back 4

inspiration- breathing in
expiration-breathing out

Front 5

stage 2 of respiration: external respiration

Back 5

exchange of oxygen into the blood & carbon dioxide to the lungs (from blood) between the inspired air inside the lungs & blood... GAS EXCHANGE

alveoli to capillaries

Front 6

stage 3: internal respiration

Back 6

exchange of oxygen & co2 between the blood and the body's tissue cells

- capillaries to body tissues

Front 7

Formula for ATP

Back 7

glucose(food)+ O² ----> CO² + H²O + ATP

Front 8

stage 4: cellular respiration

Back 8

series of energy-releasing chemical reactions that take place within cells

sole means of providing energy for all cellular activities

cells use O² to turn glucose/nutrients into ATP

Front 9

2 features all respiratory surfaces must have

Back 9

-must be large enough for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur quickly to meet the body's needs
-moistness so that o2 and co2 can dissolve in water

Front 10

nostrils

Back 10

inhale & filter dust and bacteria

Front 11

trachea (windpipe)

Back 11

tube that carries air from the nasal passages or mouth to the bronchi & then to the lungs

Front 12

glottis

Back 12

opening of the trachea

Front 13

epiglottis

Back 13

flap that covers the trachea to prevent food/liquid from entering the lungs

Front 14

larynx (voice box)

Back 14

contains vocal chords

Front 15

bronchi

Back 15

passageway that branches from the trachea to the lungs

Hint 15

singular= bronchus

Front 16

bronchioles

Back 16

Passageway that branches from each bronchus inside the lung into increasingly smaller, thin-walled tubes

Front 17

alveoli

Back 17

covered in blood vessels for gas exchange, sort of like balloons

tiny sacs, with a wall that is one cell thick, found at the end of a bronchus; respiratory gases are exchanged here

Front 18

# of alveoli in each lung

Back 18

500 million to increase SA & maximize gas exchange

Front 19

Air always moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of...

Back 19

lower pressure

Front 20

volume of lungs increases=

Back 20

air pressure in lungs decreases

air goes inside the lungs

Front 21

volume of lungs is reduced=

Back 21

air pressure in lungs increases

air goes outside of lungs

Front 22

2 muscles involved in inhalation and exhalation

Back 22

diaphragm & intercostal (rib) muscles

Front 23

autonomic nervous system

Back 23

controls breathing patterns

Front 24

hypothalamus

Back 24

increases breathing rate when CO² levels are too high

Front 25

hemoglobin

Back 25

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that bind oxygen to carry it in the blood

O²- passengers
hemoglobin- seats
red blood cells- boats
blood- river

Front 26

% of O² carried by hemoglobin

Back 26

99%

Front 27

% of CO² carried by hemoglobin

Back 27

23%

Front 28

ventilation

Back 28

the process of drawing or pumping an oxygen-containing medium over a respiratory system

Front 29

diffusion gradient

Back 29

gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 30

skin respiration

Back 30

eg. worm

blood supply close to skin

diffusion directly from moist skin to blood

Front 31

respiration through gills

Back 31

eg. fish, clams

blood vessels run through highly folded gills... fresh water with oxygen flows over the gills as they swim

Front 32

tracheal system

Back 32

eg. insects

spiracles are openings in the skin through which air comes in... these openings branch out (trachea) to all cells in the body for direct gas exchange between the external air and cells

Front 33

lungs

Back 33

(most land animals)
a more complicated internal respiratory system is required due to higher activity levels therefore higher needs for oxygen

Front 34

counter-current exchange

Back 34

blood flows through gills in the opposite direction of the flow of oxygen-containing water
.... maintains a high & steady diffusion gradient

Front 35

lung cancer

Back 35

malignant cancer cells (tumours-carcinoma) grow in the cell and can break away and attach to other places (metastasis- cells break away and spread, called metastic cells)

causes: carcinogens (tobacco)
-smoke, asbestos, radon, 2nd hand

tumours can be up to 8cm big

Front 36

tonsillitis

Back 36

Tonsils get inflamed and red from bacteria (pathogen)

Purpose of tonsils is to stop pathogens from getting into the lower respiratory tract

Tonsils can be removed but the lower respiratory tract is more likely to get infected

Front 37

laryngitis

Back 37

Lose your voice because the larynx is inflamed or swollen and so the vocal cords can't vibrate this is caused by pathogens which can be either viral or bacterial or it can be caused by over straining the vocal cords

Front 38

2 places gas exchange occurs

Back 38

alveoli & capillaries

Front 39

capillaries in the lungs have more carbon dioxide than the alveoli because

Back 39

they have returned from passing on oxygen to your body tissues

Front 40

pneumonia

Back 40

when the alveoli in the lungs get inflamed and fill with liquid (mostly caused by bacteria)

antibiotics kill bacterial infections only

2 main types:
lobular- affects only one lobe of the lung
bronchial- affects patches throughout both lungs

Front 41

emphysema

Back 41

causes walls of alveoli to lose elasticity and breathing becomes difficult or they explode

incurable

cause= smoking

small airways collapse during exhalation

Front 42

bronchitis

Back 42

acute- infection, short term, antibiotics
chronic- caused by inflammants bc of regular exposure to dust & chemicals, long term, cilia lining is gradually destroyed

Front 43

cystic fibrosis

Back 43

genetic disease, mucus in the lungs, causes cell lining airways to release thick + sticky mucus that clogs lungs

genetic therapy- no cure

Front 44

asthma

Back 44

-lung disease
-inflammation of the lungs, over production of mucus in the lungs
-occurs when inflammation narrows air passage ways
-wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest
-no cure, inhalers help deliver air to the lungs