Respiratory System

Front 1

list 6 functions associated with the respiratory system

Back 1

1. filter air
2. warm air
3. moisten air
4. gas exchange
5. olfaction
6. sound

Front 2

define "pulmonary ventilation"

Back 2

inspiration and expiration

Front 3

define "external respiration"

Back 3

gas exchange in lungs

Front 4

define "internal respiration"

Back 4

gas exchange in tissues

Front 5

define "cellular respiration"

Back 5

ATP generation in cells

Front 6

list the components of the upper respiratory system

Back 6

nose/nasal cavity: nasal septum separates; conchae in wall; blood vessels [warm]; mucous lining [moisture]; hairs [trap]

pharynx: digestive & respiratory

Front 7

list the components of the lower respiratory system

Back 7

larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs

Front 8

define the term "carina"

Back 8

projection at split in trachea

Front 9

list 3 anatomical changes that occur in moving down the bronchial tree

Back 9

1. pseudostratified columnar --> cuboidal

2. cartilage rings --> plates --> none

3. increased smooth muscle

Front 10

describe the levels of branching from the trachea to the alveoli

Back 10

*

Front 11

state the function of surfactant and name the cells which secrete it

Back 11

lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse

secreted by type II alveolar cells

Front 12

list the 2 layers of the pleura

Back 12

parietal: adheres to wall

visceral: covers lungs

Front 13

state 2 functions of pleural fluid

Back 13

reduces friction & hold membranes together

Front 14

list the muscles used in inspiration/expiration

Back 14

diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals, accessory muscles

Front 15

list the components of the brain respiratory centers & describe the interplay between these centers

Back 15

inspiratory center: controls basic breathing rate; autorhythmic cells fire --> inspiration; expiration is passive [located in medulla oblongata]

expiratory center: activated during FORCED expiration [located in medulla oblongata]

pneumotaxic center: inhibits inspiratory center --> expiration; prevents overinflation [ located in pons]

apneustic center: stimulates inspiratory center; prolongs inspiration [located in pons]

Front 16

list 3 major factors affecting breathing rate

Back 16

higher breathing centers

Hering-Breuer reflex

chemoreceptors

Front 17

describe the mechanism of the Hering-Breuer reflex

Back 17

inspiration -- stimulate stretch receptors in bronchial tree
inhibitory signal to inspiratory center & apneustic center
inspiration inhibited

Front 18

list the 2 major blood concentrations which control breathing rate

Back 18

CO2 and H+

Front 19

state Boyle's law

Back 19

pressure x volume = constant value

increase volume --> decrease pressure
decrease volume --> increase pressure

Front 20

describe mechanism of inspiration

Back 20

inspiration:

diaphragm contracts, moves down
external intercostals contract, rib cage moves up
pleural membranes follow
lungs expand, pressure drops
higher pressure atmospheric air rushes in

Front 21

describe mechanism of expiration

Back 21

diaphragm relaxes, moves up
external intercostals relax, rib cage moves down
lungs recoil (elastic), increase pressure
air is forced out

Front 22

define "physiologic dead space"

Back 22

total amount of air you don't use

Front 23

define "anatomical dead space"

Back 23

air remaining in trachea and bronchial tree

Front 24

define "alveolar dead space"

Back 24

air entering non-functional alveoli

Front 25

define "minute respiratory volume"

Back 25

air volume moved into respiratory passages each minute

Front 26

define "alveolar ventilation rate"

Back 26

volume of air reaching alveoli per minute

Front 27

state Dalton's law

Back 27

in a gas mixture, the partial pressure of any one gas is directly proportional to its concentration in that mixture