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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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repiratory path
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air from environ , nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveloi where oxygen is exchagned for CO2 in the blood
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inspiration occurs when
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mdeulla oblongata signals diaphragm (skeletal msucle) to contract
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diaphragm
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when flat, creates negative gauge pressure
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relaxed diaphragm
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decreases lung, air out
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nasal cavity
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space inside the nose, filters, moistens and warms incoming air
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musus
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secreted by goblet cells traps smaller dust particles and moistens the air, capillaries within the nsala caity warm the air
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cilia
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moves the mucus and dust back toward the pharynx, so that it may be removed by spitting or swallowing
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pharynx
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(throat) functions as a passageway for food and air
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trachea
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lies in front of esophapahus, composed of ringed cartilage covered by ciliated mucous cells,
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bronchi
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trachea splits into L and R bronchii prior to entering lungs
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bronchioles terminate in grape-like clusters composed of
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alveoli, these alveolus diffuse oxygen into capillaries where it is picked up by red blood cells, red blood cells release carbon dioxide which then diffuse into the alveolus and is epelled upon exhalation
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microtuble production may lead to
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problem in breathing (since cilia are needed for respiration) or fertility or CSF circulation)
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typical air we inspire is:
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79% N, 21%O; exhaled air is 79% N , 16% O, 5% CO2
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most blood binds rapidly and reversible to protein ____ inside erthrocytes forming ____
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hemoglobin , oxyhemoglobin
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hemoglobin composed of ___ polypeptide subunits each with ___ cofactor
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4 ; heme cofactor
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each of 4 iron atoms in hemoglobin binds to 1 O2 molecules, which accelarates the remaining heme group oxygenation. this is _____
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cooperativity
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OXYGEN SATURATION OF HEMOGLOBIN DEPENDS ON
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CO2 pressure, pH, temp of blood. , increase in these shifts curve to the right, which means lowering of hemoglobin's affinity to O2
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Bohr shift
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Shift of O2 dissocation curve due to pH
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CO shifts the dissocation curve to right
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it has 200 x greater affinity for O2, but administering pure O2 to displace CO from hemoglobin is treatement
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CO2 is carried by blood in 3 forms
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physcial solution, bicarbonate ion (10 x as prevalanet), cabamino compound
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enzyme that governs biocarbonate ion formation to carry CO2 in blood
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carobinc anhydrase
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chloride shift
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when CL moves out of cell in order to balance the electorstatic forces when bicarbonate ion diffuses into cell (when CO2 is absorbed in the lungs)
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haldene effect
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when hemoglobin is saturated with O2, its capactiy to hold CO2 is reduced; faciliates transfer of CO2 frrom blood to lungs and tissue to blood. reducted Hb (hemoglobin) acts as a blood buffer by accepting protons; the greater capacity of reduced hemoglobin to form to form carbamino hemoglobin which explains Haldene effect
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acidiosis
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decrease in pH, body increases breathing rate, expelling CO2 and raising pH of blood
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rate of breathing is effected by
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chemoreceptors in medu.lla nd cartoid arteries and aorta
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CO2 is made in
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the tissue
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