Respiratory System

Front 1

List the cartilages that form the larynx.

Back 1

1. Thyroid
2. Cricoid
3. Epiglottic
4. Arytenoid
5. Corniculate
6. Cuneiform

Front 2

List the cartilages which form part of the larynx, that are not paired.

Back 2

1. Thyroid
2. Cricoid
3. Epiglottic

Front 3

List the cartilages which form part of the larynx, that are paired.

Back 3

1. Arytenoid
2. Corniculate
3. Cuneiform

Front 4

Which part of the thyroid forms the 'Adam's apple' ?

Back 4

The laryngeal prominence.

Front 5

What is the ring shaped cartilage called that encircles the larynx ?

Back 5

The cricoid.

Front 6

What is the ladle shaped, paired cartilage called found inside the larynx ?

Back 6

The arytenoid.

Front 7

What is the horn shaped, paired cartilage called found inside the larynx ?

Back 7

The corniculate.

Front 8

What is the wedge shaped, paired cartilage called found inside the larynx ?

Back 8

The cuneiform.

Front 9

With which cartilage does the arytenoid cartilage articulate ?

Back 9

With the superior border of enlarged portion of circoid cartilage.

Front 10

Which cartilages of the larynx are involved in opening and closing the glottis and production of sound ?

Back 10

The arytenoid and corniculate cartilages.

Front 11

With which cartilage does the corniculate cartilages articulate ?

Back 11

The arytenoid cartilages.

Front 12

What is the unpaired, leaf shaped cartilage called which forms part of the larynx ?

Back 12

The epiglottis.

Front 13

True or false: Extrinsic ligaments bind all 9 cartilages together to form larynx.

Back 13

False. Intrinsic ligaments bind all 9 cartilages together to form larynx.

Front 14

How many cartilages form the larynx ?

Back 14

Nine cartilages, 3 unpaired and 3 paired.

Front 15

Opposite which vertebra does the superior end of the thyroid cartilage lie ?

Back 15

C4.

Front 16

What is the V-shape invagination on top of the thyroid called ?

Back 16

Superior thyroid notch.

Front 17

Which membrane/extrinsic ligament attaches the thyroid to the hyoid bone ?

Back 17

The thyrohyoid membrane.

Front 18

Which part of the thyroid articulates with the cricoid cartilage ?

Back 18

The inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage.

Front 19

Which membrane/intrinsic ligament attaches the cricoid to the thyroid cartilage ?

Back 19

The median cricothyroid ligament.

Front 20

Which extrinsic ligament attaches the cricoid to the trachea ?

Back 20

The cricotracheal ligament.

Front 21

Which cartilage articulates at its apex with the corniculate cartilages ?

Back 21

The arytenoid cartilages.

Front 22

What is the intrinsic ligament called that stretches laterally from the vocal ligament to the cricoid cartilage ?

Back 22

The lateral cricothyroid ligaments.

Front 23

What is the rima glottidis ?

Back 23

It is the opening between the vocal folds, inside the larynx.

Front 24

What is the intrinsic ligament called that attaches the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage ?

Back 24

The thyro-epiglottic ligament.

Front 25

What is the ligament called that attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid bone ?

Back 25

The hyo-epiglottic ligament.

Front 26

What is the film of connective tissue extending from the lateral aspects of the arytenoid and the epiglottic cartilages called ?

Back 26

The quadrangular membrane.

Front 27

What does the inferior margin of the quadrangular membrane form part of ?

Back 27

The vestibular ligament, which forms part of the vestibular fold.

Front 28

What does the superior margin of the quadrangular membrane form part of ?

Back 28

The ary-epiglottic ligament, which forms part of the ary-epiglottic fold.

Front 29

Which structure inside the larynx is responsible for sound production ?

Back 29

The vocal folds.

Front 30

What are the lateral recesses called between the vocal and vestibular folds called ?

Back 30

The laryngeal ventricles.

Front 31

List the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

Back 31

1. Cricothyroid
2. Thyro-arytenoid
3. Posterior crico-arytenoid
4. Lateral crico-arytenoid
5. Transverse and oblique arytenoids
6. Vocalis

Front 32

What is the origin and insertion of the circothyroid muscle ?

Back 32

Origin:
Anterolateral part of the cricoid cartilage.

Insertion:
Inferior margin and inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage.

Front 33

What is the origin and insertion of the Thyro-arytenoid muscle ?

Back 33

Origin:
Lower half of posterior aspect of angle of thyroid laminae and cricothyroid ligament.

Insertion:
Anterolateral arytenoid surface.

Front 34

What is the origin and insertion of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscle ?

Back 34

Origin:
Posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage.

Insertion:
Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage.

Front 35

What is the origin and insertion of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscle ?

Back 35

Origin:
Arch of the cricoid cartilage.

Insertion:
Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage.

Front 36

What is the origin and insertion of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles ?

Back 36

Origin:
One arytenoid cartilage.

Insertion:
Contralateral arytenoid cartilage.

Front 37

What is the origin and insertion of the vocalis muscle ?

Back 37

Origin:
Lateral surface of the vocal process of arytenoid cartilage.

Insertion:
Ipsilateral vocal ligament.

Front 38

Which nerves innervate most intrinsic laryngeal muscles ?

Back 38

The inferior laryngeal nerve.

Front 39

Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle ?

Back 39

The external laryngeal nerve.

Front 40

What is the main action of the cricothyroid muscle ?

Back 40

Stretches and tenses vocal ligament.

Front 41

What is the main action of the thyro-arytenoid muscle ?

Back 41

Relaxes the vocal ligament.

Front 42

What is the main action of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscle ?

Back 42

Abducts vocal folds.

Front 43

What is the main action of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscle ?

Back 43

Adducts vocal folds.

Front 44

What is the main action of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles ?

Back 44

Adduct arytenoid cartilages.

Front 45

What is the main action of the vocalis muscle ?

Back 45

Relaxes the posterior vocal ligament while maintaining tension in the anterior part.

Front 46

Which two nerves can be classified as the main nerves supplying the larynx ?

Back 46

The superior and inferior laryngeal nerve.

Front 47

What are the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve ? Indicate which nerves are responsible for sensory, autonomic and motor control.

Back 47

Internal - Sensory and autonomic.

External - Motoric.

Front 48

Of which nerve is the inferior laryngeal nerve a continuation ?

Back 48

The recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Front 49

True or false: The inferior laryngeal nerve has only a motoric function.

Back 49

False. It has largely a motoric function but also provides sensory fibers to the infraglottic mucosa.

Front 50

Of which major arteries do the primary laryngeal arteries branch from ?

Back 50

The superior and inferior thyroid artery.

Front 51

From which artery does the cricothyroid artery branch from ?

Back 51

The superior laryngeal artery.

Front 52

Which two blood vessels are responsible for the arterial supply of the larynx ?

Back 52

The superior and inferior laryngeal arteries.

Front 53

Into which veins do the two major veins of the larynx drain into ?

Back 53

The superior laryngeal vein:
The internal jugular vein.

The inferior laryngeal vein:
Inferior thyroid vein or the venous plexus anterior to the trachea.

Front 54

Into which lymph nodes do the lymphatic vessels of the larynx drain into ?

Back 54

Superior to the vocal folds:
Superior deep cervical lymph nodes.

Inferior to the vocal folds:
Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes.

Front 55

List the cartilages that form part of the external nose.

Back 55

1. Two lateral cartilages
2. Two alar cartilages
3. Septal cartilage

Front 56

Which bones primarily form part of the nasal septum ?

Back 56

1. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
2. Vomer
3. Septal cartilage

Front 57

What are the structures on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity called that curve inferomedially ?

Back 57

Nasal chonchae.

Front 58

List the structures that open into each of the chonchae or the meatuses.

Back 58

Superior chonchae:
1. Ethmodial sinus
2. Sphenoidal sinus

Middle chonchae:
1. Frontal sinus
2. Maxillary sinus
3. Ethmoidal sinus

Inferior chonchae:
1. Nasolacrimal duct

Front 59

Which bones form part of the roof of the nasal cavity ?

Back 59

1. Frontal and nasal
2. Cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone
3. Hollow body of the sphenoidal bone

Front 60

Which bones form part of the floor of the nasal cavity ?

Back 60

1. Palatine process of maxilla
2. Horizontal plate of palatine bone

Front 61

Which structure forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity ?

Back 61

The nasal septum.

Front 62

List the arteries, and their origin, which supply the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavities.

Back 62

1. Anterior ethmoidal artery - From opthalmic artery
2. Posterior ethmoidal artery - From opthalmic artery
3. Sphenopalatine artery - From maxillary artery
4. Greater palatine artery - From maxillary artery
5. Septal branch of the superior labial artery - From facial artery

Front 63

What is the anastomotic arterial plexus called at the anterior part of the nasal septum ?

Back 63

Kiesselbach's area.

Front 64

List the paranasal sinuses.

Back 64

1. Maxillary sinus
2. Frontal sinus
3. Ethmodial sinuses
4. Sphenoidal sinus

Front 65

What are the main functions of the paranasal sinuses ?

Back 65

1. Production of mucous
2. Act as a cushion during cranial trauma
3. Improve the resonance of our voice
4. Lighten the weight of our head

Front 66

Into which part of the nasal cavity does the sphenoidal sinus drain into ?

Back 66

They open into the spheno-ethmoidal recess.

Front 67

Into which part of the nasal cavity does the frontal sinus drain into ?

Back 67

They drain through the frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum, which opens into the semilunar hiatus.

Front 68

Into which part of the nasal cavity does the maxillary sinus drain into ?

Back 68

They drain by the maxillary ostium into the middle meatus by way of the semilunar hiatus.

Front 69

Into which part of the nasal cavity do the different ethmoidal cells drain into (anterior, middle and posterior) ?

Back 69

Anterior:
Drain into middle meatus through the ethmoidal infundibulum.

Middle:
Opein into the middle meatus.

Posterior:
Open into the superior meatus.

Front 70

Which arteries and nerves supply the sphenoidal sinus ?

Back 70

The posterior ethmoidal arteries and nerves.

Front 71

Which nerves supply the frontal sinuses ?

Back 71

Branches of the supra-orbital nerves.

Front 72

Which nerves supply the maxillary sinuses ?

Back 72

Anterior, middle and posterior superior alveolar nerves, which are branches of the maxillary nerve.

Front 73

Which arteries supply the maxillary sinuses ?

Back 73

Superior branches of maxillary artery, but the floor is supplied by branches of the descending and greater palatine arteries.

Front 74

Which nerves supply the ethmoidal sinuses ?

Back 74

The anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasocilliary nerves.

Front 75

List the three parts into which the pharynx can be divided.

Back 75

Nasopharynx - Posterior to nose to the and superior to the soft palate.

Oropharynx - Posterior to the mouth.

Laryngopharynx - Posterior to the larynx.

Front 76

What are the openings of the nasal cavity into the pharynx called ?

Back 76

The choanae.

Front 77

What is the lymphoid tissue called at the roof of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx ?

Back 77

The pharyngeal tonsils.

Front 78

What is the fold called extending inferiorly from the medial end of the pharyngotympanic tube ?

Back 78

The alpingopharyngeal folds.

Front 79

What is the lymphoid tissue called at the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube ?

Back 79

Tubal tonsils.

Front 80

What are the slit like lateral processes called which extend laterally and posteriorly in the nasopharynx ?

Back 80

Pharyngeal recesses.

Front 81

Which structures is the oropharynx bound by ?

Back 81

Superiorly by the soft palate and inferiorly by the superior border of the epiglottis.

Front 82

What is the lymphoid tissue called that can be found in the palatine arches in the oropharynx ?

Back 82

Palatine tonsils.

Front 83

What is the lymphoid tissue called at the posterior third of the tongue ?

Back 83

The lingual tonsils.

Front 84

Which vertebra is related to the laryngopharynx, posteriorly ?

Back 84

C4 - C6 vertebra.

Front 85

What are the recesses called found on either side of the laryngeal inlet ?

Back 85

Piriform fossa.

Front 86

What is the uninterrupted circle of lymphoid tissue called in the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts ?

Back 86

Waldeyer's ring.

Front 87

List the external layer of circular muscles found in the larynx.

Back 87

1. Superior
2. Middle
3. Inferior

Front 88

List the internal layer of longitudinal muscles found in the larynx.

Back 88

1. Palatopharyngeus
2. Stylopharyngeus
3. Salpingopharyngeus

Front 89

What is the main action of the external layer of pharyngeal muscles ?

Back 89

They constrict the walls of the pharynx during swallowing.

Front 90

What is the main action of the internal layer of the pharyngeal muscles ?

Back 90

They elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking.

Front 91

There are 4 gaps in the musculature of the pharyngeal muscles. Describe the position of the gap and list the structures that pass through.

Back 91

1. Superior to the superior pharyngeal constrictor and craniumr - the levator veli palatini, pharygotympanic tube and the ascending palatine artery

2. Superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors - Stylopharyngeus, glossopharyngeal nerve and stylohyoid ligament.

3. Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor - Internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal blood vessels.

4. Inferior to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor - Recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery.

Front 92

Which major blood vessels supplies arterial blood to the palatine tonsils ?

Back 92

The tonsillar artery, which is a branch from the facial artery.

Front 93

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the pharynx ?

Back 93

Glossopharyngeal nerve.