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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What cavity receives inhaled air?
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nasal
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What structure of the respiratory system funnels inhaled air toward the trachea and food toward the esophagus?
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pharynx
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In what structure are speech sounds produced?
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larynx
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What is the name of the major airway leading to the bronchi?
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trachea
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The trachea branches into to major structures. What are they?
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bronchi
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Bronchi lead into smaller air passageways called what?
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bronchioles
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How many lobes are on the left lung?
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two
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How many lobes are on the right lung?
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three
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How many lobes do the human lungs have?
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five
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What are the small sacs found in the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs?
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alveoli
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What is the divider in the nose called that separates the nasal passage into two halves?
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nasal septum
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What are the two sinus cavities found in the nasal cavity.
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frontal and sphenoid
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In terms of body weight distribution, what is the structural advantage of the sinus cavities in the nasal passage?
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The sinuses reduce the weight of the front of the skull.
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How does the shape of facial bones impact facial expression?
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The shape of facial bones is important as the origin and insertion points of muscles of the face that permit facial expressions.
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What impact do sinus cavities have on the quality of the human voice.
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Sinus cavities increase the resonance of the voice which relates to voice quality.
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What protective function do the sinus cavities of the face have?
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They provide a buffer against blows to the face.
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What insulating properties do sinus cavities have in the face?
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Sinus cavities insulate sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature changes.
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How do the sinuses condition air entering the respiratory system?
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They humidify and pre-heat or pre-cool air before entering the lungs.
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Where are concha located?
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Concha are found in the nasal passage.
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Name the three nasal concha.
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middle
nasal inferior |
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What are the turbinate bones of the nasal concha?
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These are spongy curved bones that make up the nasal passage.
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What practical function is served by the shape of the turbinate bones of the nasal passage?
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These spongy curved bones direct air flow in such a way to expose the air to the maximum number of cilia for filtration, and to condition the air to prevent shock to the lungs.
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What is the scientific name of the nostrils?
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naris
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What are the names of the two parts of the nares?
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external and internal
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What are the three parts of the pharynx?
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nasopharynx
oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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What is significant about the structure of the epithelial cells on the mucous membranes of the nasal passage?
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They are ciliated columnar epithelium which help to trap debris entering the nasal passage with air.
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What are the cells called that produce mucin that are sandwiched between the ciliated columnar epithelium of the respiratory passage?
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goblet cells
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What is the function of mucus in the respiratory system?
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Mucin which covers cilia of the respiratory tract trap debris as air moves through the respiratory pathway.
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What do we swallow?
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Swallowing occurs because debris trapped by mucous is moved toward the pharynx by respiratory cilia and they it is swallowed into the esophagus - the entrance to the digestive tract. In short - swallowing (not during eating) occurs to move debris from the lungs into the digestive tract from elimination from the body.
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Where is the hard palate located?
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in the roof the mouth
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Where is the soft palate located?
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in the back of the mouth that closes off the nasal passage during swallowing.
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What is the tissue hanging down in the back of the throat that closes off the respiratory tract during swallowing called?
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uvula
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What structure is responsible for the sound produced during snoring?
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uvula - the tissue hanging down from the soft palate.
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What happens in many people if you touch the soft palate (uvula)?
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it causes gagging (gag flex)
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What disease prevention function does the palatine tonsil provide?
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The palatine tonsil produces specific antibodies for many common pathogens.
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What is the correct anatomical name for the voice box?
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larynx
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In what anatomical structure are the vocal cords found?
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larynx
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What specific structures in the larynx are responsible for the production of sound?
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vocal cords which vibrate
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What adjusts vocal fold thickness and thus vary pitch of the voice.
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throat muscle contractions
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What causes the loudness of the voice?
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Loudness is determined by how fast the vocal cords vibrate due to airflow and volume. The higher the volume of air, the louder the sound.
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What anatomical structures determine the phonics of language?
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movements of the lips, tongue, and cheeks
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What hormone causes the male voice to drop about one octave at puberty?
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testosterone
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What is the function of the epiglottis?
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It guards the entrance to the glottis
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What is the opening between vocal folds of the larynx called?
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glottis
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What are the three parts of the pharynx?
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nasopharynx
oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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What is the approximate diameter of the trachea?
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3/4 to 1" (20 to 25 mm)
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Approximately how long is the trachea?
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10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 6.3")
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If you were looking down into the trachea what structure would you have to look through?
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larynx (voice box)
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Specifically what type of epithelial tissue lines the respiratory tract?
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pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar
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The trachea bifurcates at it bottom. What does this mean?
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Bifurcates means that the trachea splits into two primary bronchi at the level of the T4/T5 cervical vertebrae.
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How many C-shaped cartilaginous rings reinforce the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea?
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15 to 20
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What is the name of the muscle that attaches the two sides of the C-shaped cartilaginous rings that reinforce the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea?
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trachealis muscle
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What muscles of the trachea spontaneously contract during a cough?
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trachealis muscle
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What anatomical structure separates the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
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larynx
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Name the structures from the trachea to the alveoli.
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Trachea - bronchus - bronchiole - alveolus (notice these are all singular forms)
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The contain approximately how many alveoli?
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300 million
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What surrounds an alveolus to facilitate oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange?
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a capillary bed
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When hemoglobin is carrying oxygen what is it called?
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oxyhemoglobin
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What are the two end products of cellular respiration that are carried in the blood?
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carbon dioxide and water
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What is formed when carbon dioxide and water react?
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carbonic acid (not to be confused with carbolic acid)
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Carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood plasma in the form of what?
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bicarbonate ions
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What is the membrane called that surrounds the lungs?
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two-layer pleural membranes
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What is found between the two layers of pleural membrane and what is its function?
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The cavity is filled with fluid which acts as a lubricant so the chest wall can slide easily during breathing.
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What is an inflammation of the pleural membrane called?
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pleuritis
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When an inflammation of the pleura occurs what causes the severe pain?
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Too much pleural fluid between the pleural membranes. (Note: pleurisy is another name for pleuriitis)
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What is another name for pleuriitis?
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pleurisy
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What do you call the normal amount of air taken in during quite breathing?
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tidal volume
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How much air makes up typical tidal volume?
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500 ml
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What is the maximum amount of air you can exhale after a deep breath called?
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vital capacity
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It is not possible to complete evacuate all of the air in the lungs. What is the amount of air called that cannot be expelled in an exhalation?
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residual volume
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Where is the respiratory center of the brain?
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medulla oblongata
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As carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs, what happens to the levels of carbonic acid and pH in the blood, and the rate of breathing?
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carbonic acid levels decline, pH returns to normal, and breathing rate slows
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What is sleep apnea?
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This is a disruption of the normal breathing cycle for up to two minutes.
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What three common causes of sleep apnea?
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obesity, smoking, too much caffeine
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What happens to bronchioles during emphysema?
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Bronchiles may collapse causing air to get trapped in the lungs and the exchange of air compromised.
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What happens to alveoli with someone who has emphysema?
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The boundaries between adjoining alveoli breaks down and fewer and fewer alveoli exist compromising oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange.
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What is emphysema combined with chronic bronchitis?
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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What does COPD stand for in reference to the respiratory system?
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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What is the only current treatment for COPD?
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lung transplant
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What gas has a 240 times greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen?
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carbon monoxide
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Since the structure of nicotine resembles acetylcholine in structure what does nicotine affect in the body?
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increases heart rate, decreases appetite, promotes a feeling of well-being
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What chemical reactions breakdown complex food molecules?
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hydrolysis
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What chemical process harvests the energy stored in the bonds that hold food molecules together?
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cellular respiration
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