Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What developmental anomaly can occur in the nasal cavity and sinuses?
|
cleft palate (communication between oral and nasal cavities)
|
|
|
What are the complications of cleft palate?
|
aspiration pneumonia
|
|
|
What circulatory disturbances can occur in the respiratory system?
|
hyperemia, congestion, edema
hemorrhage (epistaxis) Ethmoid hematoma |
|
|
Why is hemorrhage common in the nasal cavity?
|
capillaries are numerous and fragile
|
|
|
What are the causes of hemorrhage in the nasal cavity?
|
trauma
exertion in horses, originates in the lung inflammation clotting defects (due to problem with the animal or toxicity with bracken fern etc) neoplasia |
|
|
What is an ethmoid hematoma?
|
expansile mass of clotted blood and granulation tissue
non-neoplastic but causes local destruction of tissue |
|
|
What animals are prone to ethmoid hematoma? What are the signs?
|
older horses
seen as chronic, progressive, often unilateral epistaxis |
|
|
What is rhinitis?
|
inflammation of the nasal cavity
|
|
|
What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?
|
warm air
remove particulates >10um via the mucocilliary apparatus immune function via NALT dilute inhaled toxins |
|
|
What are the normal constituents of the nasal cavity?
|
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
goblet cells serous glands supporting lamina propria |
|
|
How is chronic rhinitis manifested?
|
proliferative changes
- polyps, fibrosis |
|
|
What is catarrhal rhinitis?
|
increased amounts of mucoid exudate due to hyperplasia of goblet cells
|
|
|
What is the most severe type of rhinitis?
|
fibrinonecrotic
|
|
|
What are the features of fibrinonecrotic rhinitis?
|
edema
fibrin purulent exudate necrotic debris PSEUDOMEMBRANE formation (removal causes ulceration) |
|
|
What are the possible outcomes of chronic rhinitis?
|
re-epithelialization
squamous metaplasia polyp formation and fibrosis atrophy (uncommon) |
|
|
What are the causes of rhinitis?
|
viruses
bacteria fungi parasites chemical irritants allergens |
|
|
What is the result of Streptococcus equi infection?
|
purulent rhinits
regional lymphadenitis guttural pouch involvement may form abscesses elsewhere (brain, lungs) |
|
|
What pathogens can cause rhinitis in cats?
|
feline rhinotracheitis virus
feline calicivirus Chlamydophila felis |
|
|
What is atrophic rhinitis of swine?
|
young pig disease
toxins from Pasturella multocida infection cause bone resportion and facial deformity *may be aggravated by Bordetella bronchiseptica |
|
|
What animals are most commonly affected by fungal rhinitis?
|
dogs and cats
|
|
|
What are the most common types of fungal rhinitis?
|
Aspergillus (dogs)
Cryptococcus neoformans (cats) |
|
|
What are the effects of Aspergillosis?
|
necrotizing
pseudomembrane formation |
|
|
What are the effects of Cryptococcus infection?
|
granulomatous inflammation
gelatinous masses facial bone destruction and swelling *infection may spread, cause meningitis |
|
|
What is Rhinosporidiosis?
|
aquatic protozoan Rhinosporidium seeberi that can produce nasal polyps in dogs and horses
|
|
|
What is sinusitis?
|
inflammation of the nasal sinuses
|
|
|
What causes sinusitis?
|
fracture
periodontitis rhinitis dehorning wounds Oestrus ovis infection *usually secondary to another issue |
|
|
What are polyps?
|
inflammatory proliferations that are soft, irregular
appear similar to neoplasm mostly seen in horses, uncommon in other species |
|
|
What benign neoplasms can affect the nasal cavity?
|
Chondroma
Osteoma (horses and cattle) *both are rare |
|
|
What malignant neoplasms can affect the nasal cavity?
|
sqamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma fibrosarcoma osteosarcoma lymphosarcoma |
|
|
What is the most common malignant neoplasm of the nasal cavity?
|
squamous cell carcinoma (front of nasal cavity)
adenocarcinoma (middle, posterior nasal cavity) |
|
|
What is pharyngeal diverticulitis?
|
in pigs there is a diverticulum in the pharynx that can get inflamed
-plant awns, foreign material, perforation |
|
|
What bacterium can commonly cause pharyngitis?
|
Fusobacterium necrophorum
|
|
|
What is the importance of nasopharyngeal polyps in cats?
|
arise in middle ear, can grow into the pharynx and may obstruct respiration
|
|
|
What is the gutteral pouch and what animals have it?
|
diverticula of the eustatian tubes lined with ciliated epithelium
found in horses (and tapirs!) |
|
|
What complications are associated with the guttural pouches?
|
inflammation (Strep equi, Aspergillus) causes accumulation of purulent exudate called empyema
fungal infection can penetrate the carotid artery and cause hemorrhage inflammation may extend to affect cranial nerves, brain, middle ear, adjacent bones |
|
|
What is a chondroid?
|
dried debris and pus forming a ball in the guttural pouch
|
|
|
What are the pharyngeal neoplasms?
|
papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, lymphoma, fibrosarcoma
|
|
|
What is laryngeal paralysis and what species is commonly affected?
|
degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (generally the left in horses, bilateral in dogs) seen in horses and dogs ("roars") resulting in paralysis of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and sagging of the cartilage on the affected side
|
|
|
What is the breed predilection for laryngeal paralysis in dogs?
|
large breeds, esp Bouvier
|
|
|
What agents cause laryngitis?
|
Fusobacterium necrophorum, Histophilus somni, Arcanobacterium pyogenes
|
|
|
What is tracheal hypoplasia?
|
reduction in luminal diameter of the entire trachea
-seen in dogs |
|
|
What is tracheal collapse?
|
dorsoventral flattening on the trachea, primarily in miniature breeds of dogs
widened and flaccid trachealis muscle |
|
|
What is lateral flattening of the trachea?
|
seen in horses
"scabbard trachea" |
|
|
What are some common causes of tracheitis?
|
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Oslerus osleri (wild dogs) Syngamus trachei (birds) Aspiration (gastric contents etc) |
|
|
What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?
|
immotile cilia disease, leading to sinusitis and bronchitis
developmental defect of dynein proteins in microtubules *interestingly, often have situs inversus as well |
|
|
What is bronchiolitis obliterans?
|
stenosis of bronchioles due to fibrous CT proliferation during inflammation
|
|
|
What is bronchiectasis?
|
fixed dilation of bronchi
-congential or as a result of chronic bronchitis and/or bronchopneumonia |
|
|
What species are most affected by bronciectasis and why?
|
cattle
due to complete lobular septa that localize disease processes (lack of collateral ventilation) |
|
|
What part of the respiratory tree is most affected by bronchiectasis?
|
cranioventral bronchi/bronchioles
|
|
|
What are the gross lesions associated with bronchiectasis?
|
irregular dilation of bronchi, filled with viscous to caseous exudate, emphysema, atelectasis, pneumonia, fibrosis
|
|
|
What is collateral ventilation?
|
passage of air between adjacent alveoli via alveolar pores (pores of Kohn)
allows air to flow around obstructions, generate enough force to cough it out sometimes |
|
|
What is the level of collateral circulation in domestic animals?
|
dogs and cats: extensive
cattle: almost nonexistent |
|
|
What is alveolar emphysema?
|
excessive air in the alveoli
|
|
|
Is alveolar emphysema reversible?
|
yes unless the walls are destroyed
|
|
|
What are the causes of alveolar emphysema?
|
expiratory obstruction
enzymatic destruction of alveolar walls *can occur together |
|
|
What is expiratory obstruction?
|
obstruction causes partial blockage of the airway
air can get in because of dilation in the airways during inspiration, but can't get out again when lumen diameter decreases on expiration |
|
|
What is recurrent airway obstruction?
|
aka heaves, COPD in horses
allergic response to inhaled allergens (esp mold) that causes alveolar emphysema due to obstruction |
|
|
What lesions are seen with RAO?
|
generalized chronic bronchiolitis
emphysema with significant involvement (cranial region, lung margins) mucoid exudate |
|
|
What is interstitial emphysema?
|
air in the interlobular septa and subpleural areas, around non-septal vessels
|
|
|
What species are commonly affected with interstitial edema?
|
cattle, small ruminants, pigs (animals with distinct septate lungs)
|
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of interstitial edema?
|
air is forced into the interstitum during forced expiration
-difficulty breathing, agonal death etc |
|
|
What are sequelae of interstitial edema?
|
pulmonary hypertension, may lead to heart failure (cor pulmonale)
acidosis due to accumulation of CO2 that can't be expired |
|
|
What is atelectasis?
|
collapsed lung
-acquired or congenital |
|
|
What is the most common type of atelectasis?
|
obstructive, associated with bronchitis or pneumonia with removal of gases and alveolar collapse
|
|
|
Why is atelectasis uncommon in dogs and cats?
|
must have a large area of blocked lung because good collateral ventilation
|
|
|
What are the gross lesions associated with atelectasis?
|
sunken relative to normal lung
dark red denser in consistency |
|
|
What is compressive atelectasis?
|
collapse due to pleural or intrapulmonary space occupying lesions
-tissue masses, fluid, air |
|
|
What is congenital atelectasis?
|
collapse due to problem at birth
-stillbirth, lack of surfactant |
|
|
What is surfactant and where is it produced?
|
phospholipid secreted by type II pneumocytes
-decreases surface tension enough to allow lung inflation |
|
|
What gross difference is seen in congested lung vs pneumonic lung?
|
congested lung is NOT firm on palpation, whereas firmness is always present with pneumonia
|
|
|
What is cardiogenic edema?
|
pulmonary edema secondary to left heart failure
-lower protein fluid than other types of edema |
|
|
What is neurogenic edema?
|
due to sympathetic discharge following acute brain injury
|
|
|
How does hypoproteinemia affect the lung?
|
causes edema because oncotic pressure is reduced
-protein loss may be due to liver dz, protein losing nephropathy or GI problems |
|
|
What are the components of the air-blood barrier?
|
capillary endothelium
basal lamina type I pneumocytes |
|
|
What are the gross features of edematous lungs?
|
wet
heavy jello-like red (may have little to no color change) |
|
|
What are the microscopic changes associated with edema?
|
eosinophilic fluid in alveoli
foamy macrophages expansion of lung parenchyma |
|
|
What is exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage?
|
exact cause is unknown, but it is seen in horses with intense exercise (racing etc)
varies from petechiae to massive filling with blood |
|
|
How does embolism affect the lung?
|
the small capillaries in the lung tend to trap particles
outcome varies based on location, may cause infarction etc |
|
|
What are the types of pulmonary emboli?
|
non-septic (tumor, fat)
septic (bacteria) |
|
|
What are some causes of pulmonary thrombosis?
|
Dirofilaria immitis
DIC glomerular amyloidosis resulting in a loss of antithrombin III |
|
|
Why is infarction uncommon in the lung?
|
collateral circulation
-supplied by both pulmonary and bronchial arteries |
|
|
Where are lung infarcts most common?
|
caudal lung lobes
|
|
|
What do lung infarcts look like acutely and chronically?
|
acute: hemorrhagic and bulging from the surface
chronic: firm, depressed areas on surface |
|
|
What are the causes of pulmonary hypertension?
|
high pressure flow from R ventricle
resistance in the pulmonary circulation high altitude disease arteriosclerosis |
|
|
What are the sequelae of pulmonary hypertension?
|
R ventricular hypertrophy and cor pulmonale
|
|
|
How does high altitude cause lung disease?
|
hypoxia induces vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels, increases resistance
|
|
|
What is the most important clearance mechanism in the respiratory bronchioles?
|
macrophages (no more cilia down there!)
|
|
|
What substances are present in the alveolar lining fluid?
|
lysozyme
lactoferrin complement IgG |
|
|
How does particle removal differ in the deep lung compared to the respiratory tree?
|
macrophages slower to clear particles than the mucociliary apparatus
|
|
|
What are the general characteristics of bronchopneumonia?
|
infectious (usually bacterial)
neutrophilic exudate in terminal bronchial tree |
|
|
Where does bronchopneumonia originate?
|
at the bronchiolar-alveolar junction, because transition zone between cilia and macrophage action allows deposition of particles
|
|
|
What are some of the important bacteria that cause bronchopneumonia?
|
Mannheimia hemolytica, Pasturella multocida, Corynebacterium, Histophilus somni, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella, Streptococcus
|
|
|
What lesions are associated with bronchopneumonia?
|
cranioventral consolidation
red firm mucopurulent/purulent exudate *may get fibrinopurulent exudate covering the pleura in severe cases |
|
|
What microscopic changes are seen with bronchopneumonia?
|
expanded septa
areas of necrosis atelectasis +/- emphysema neutrophils, RBCs, fibrin, few macrophages |
|
|
What are the outcomes of bronchopneumonia?
|
can heal if inciting agent is cleared and basement membranes remain intact
|
|
|
What is aspiration pneumonia?
|
inspired foreign material causes bronchopneumonia (milk, rumen fluid, vomit)
|
|
|
What is gangrenous pneumonia?
|
bronchopneumonia with extensive necrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma
-requires bacterial contamination, generally from GI contents -may rupture and cause pneumothorax, empyema |
|
|
What is interstitial pneumonia?
|
thickening of alveolar walls due to proliferation and infiltration of cells
|
|
|
What is the gross appearance of interstitial pneumonia?
|
diffuse reddening
edema firm, won't collapse may see rib impressions |
|
|
What are the causes of interstitial pneumonia?
|
viral
bacterial fungal parasitic toxins hypersensitivity inorganic dust |
|
|
What is the route of infection for interstitial pneumonia?
|
hematogenous, aerogenous
|
|
|
What microscopic features are seen with interstitial pneumonia?
|
bronchioles clear
thickened septa layers of fibrin forming hyaline membranes injury to endothelium and type I pneumocytes |
|
|
What is pneumoconiosis?
|
dust inhaled and retained in the lung
|
|
|
What type of disease does pneumoconiosis cause?
|
chronic interstitial lung disease with macrophages engulfing the particles
|
|
|
What is acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?
|
cattle grazing lush pasture convert tryptophan in the lung Clara cells via CYP450 enzymes, which is toxic to alveolar lining cells
|
|
|
What disease is seen with acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?
|
enlarged, heavy, wet lungs
severe interstitial exudative pneumonia hyaline membranes necrosis |
|
|
What is uremic pneumonopathy?
|
uremic products, as well as a Ca/P imbalance, cause pulmonary edema, degeneration, mineralization
|
|
|
What is embolic pneumonia?
|
multifocal, random hematogenous pneumonia that is often suppurative and/or necrotizing
|
|
|
What is granulomatous pneumonia?
|
central necrosis with caseous exudate due to an agent that cannot be removed from the lung by phagocytosis
-Mycobacteria, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, Rhodococcus equi |
|
|
What is bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
|
disease having features of both bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What diseases can have a bronchointerstitial pattern?
|
enzootic pneumonia of swine
canine distemper virus |
|
|
What is the most common primary neoplasm of the lung?
|
adenocarcinoma of dogs and cats
|
|
|
Why is it difficult to distinguish primary vs metastatic lung neoplasia?
|
primary neoplasms are often multiple
|
|
|
What types of neoplasm metastasize to the lungs?
|
MANY
mammary carcinoma, melanoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, thyroid carcinoma |
|
|
What degenerative issue is seen on the lung pleura?
|
mineralization "pleural frosting"
-due to uremia (Ca/P imbalance) |
|
|
What are the causes of primary pleuritis?
|
penetrating wounds
hematogenous spread of infection |
|
|
Why is pleuritis serious?
|
defenses are not very efficient
|
|
|
What are the causes of pleural effusion (pyothorax, empyema)?
|
bacterial infection of the pleura
secondary to pulmonary lesions penetrating foreign bodies -migrating grass awns in dogs, bite wounds etc in cats |
|
|
What causes hydrothorax?
|
neoplasia involving the pleural surface (impairment of lymphatic drainage)
compression hypoproteinemia congestive heart failure |
|
|
What is chylothorax and what is the cause?
|
accumulation of lymph in the thorax, caused by rupture of the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct (trauma or idiopathic)
*especially common in cats |
|
|
What is the only primary neoplasm of the lung pleura?
|
pleural mesothelioma
-multiple nodules on organ surfaces |
|
|
How do metastatic tumors get to the pleura of the lung?
|
extension from the lung, chest wall, mediastinum
via diaphragmatic lymphatics (from abdominal cavity) |
