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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are central chemosensors |
in the hindbrain |
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What do central chemosensors respond to |
H+ (indirectly related to Co2) Pco2 diffuses across then carbonic anhydtase reaction produces hco3 and h+ |
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Where can you find peripheral chemoreceptors |
In the carotid bodies (bifurcation if carotid arteries) And aortic bodies (in artic arch) Relayed Via Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve |
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What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to |
Drops in pO2 or increase in pC02 |
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What is the response to a drop in o2 |
Increase in ventilation |
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Where is the respiratory centre found |
The medulla |
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Steps to ABGs |
1) ph/co2/hco3 2) acideamia/ alkalaemia and type 3) anion gap and base excess 4) compensatory process 5) is it mixed 6) differential diagnosis |
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Normal range of blood ph |
7.38 - 7.4 -7.42 |
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Range of hco3 |
22 - 24 - 26 |
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Ranges of CO2 |
44 40 36 |
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Why is co2 an acid |
Drive carbonic anhydrase reaction to the right to produce H+ |
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How to calculate anion gap |
Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-) |
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How to calculate anion gap |
Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-) |
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What’s the normal anion gap |
12 |
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What has caused anion gap metabolic acidosis |
Fixed acid added to system |
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Main causes of anion gap acidosis |
Glycols Oxoproline L lactate D lactate M ethanol A spirin R enal failure K etoacidosis |
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Main causes of anion gap acidosis |
Glycols Oxoproline L lactate D lactate M ethanol A spirin R enal failure K etoacidosis |
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What can cause non-anion gap acidosis |
RTA - renal tubular acidosis |
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What’s the base excess |
In alkalosis it’s the acid needed to return blood back to normal |
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How do you find a mixed disorder |
Anion gap the same as drop in Hco3 Or ph of blood is alkalemic despite showing anion gap acidosis |
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Causes of metabolic alkalosis |
Increased aldosterone/ vomiting |
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Causes of resp acidosis |
Increased dead space/ weakness/ depression of resp centre |
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Causes of resp acidosis |
Increased dead space/ weakness/ depression of resp centre |
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Causes of resp alkalosis |
Hyperventilation due to pain/ anxiety pregnancy |
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What’s the effect of doubling VE |
Halves PCo2 Little effect on O2 |
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Treatment for resp failure |
Give O2 eg hypoxaemia Give Co2 |
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What nerve innervate the diaphragm |
Phrenic nerve c3,c4,c5 |
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What nerves innervate the external intercostals |
Thoracic nerves T1-T11 |
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What nerve for sternocleidomastoid |
Cranial |
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What nerve for sternocleidomastoid |
Cranial |
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Scalene muscles |
C3-C8 |
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Abdominal wall |
Thoracic nerve |
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Abdominal wall |
Thoracic nerve |
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Internal intercostals |
Thoracic nerves |
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How can vegal inputs alter respiratory rates |
Stretch receptors on the lung -feedback |
