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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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respiration |
is the breakdown (oxidation) of food substances with the release of energy in living cells |
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aerobic respiration |
is the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen, with the release of large amounts of energy. carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products |
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equation for aerobic respiration |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy |
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anaerobic respiration |
is the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen. anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration |
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equation for anaerobic respiration |
yeast: C6H12O6 ---> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy humans C6H12O6 ---> 2C3H603 + energy glucose ---> lactic acid + energy |
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define gas exchange |
gas exchange is the exchange of gases between an organism and the environment |
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functions: nose |
nostrils have fringe of hairs and nasal passages lined with moist mucous membrane: traps dust, foreign particles and bacteria found in air entering |
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functions: trachea |
C-shaped rings of cartilage: -support and keep lumen open gland cells: secretes mucus to trap dust particles and bacteria ciliated cells: cilia sweeps dust-trapped mucus up the trachea into the pharynx. |
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adaptations of the alveolus |
1. numerous clusters of alveoli: provide a large surface area for faster diffusion of gases 2. wall of alveolus is only one cell thick - shorter diffusion distance, allowing for faster and easier diffusion 3. layer of moisture - enables oxygen to dissolve for greater efficiency in diffusion 4. walls of alveoli are well supplied with blood capillaries - constant blood flow maintains steep concentration gradient, allowing for faster and more efficient diffusion |
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how is oxygen absorbed |
- high concentrations of oxygen in alveolar air - oxygen dissolved in thin layer of moisture diffuses into blood capillaries - oxygen combines with haemoglobin which it has an affinity for, forming oxyhaemoglobin. - this is a reversible pro and when the oxyh passes through oxygen poor tissues, the oxyh releases oxygen which diffuses through the walls of the bc into the cells |
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carbon dioxide |
- blood passes by tissues rich with carbon dioxide - carbon dioxide diffuses into blood and enters RBC - reacts with oxygen to form carbonic acid. this reaction is catalysed by carbonic anhydrase. - carbonic acid is converted into hydrogencarbonate ions and diffuse out into blood to be carried as HCO3 ions - HCO3 diffuse back into RBC at lungs where they are converted into carbonic acid, then carbon dioxide and water. CO2 + H20 --- carbonic anhydrase ---> H2CO3 ---> H+ + HCO3- ions |
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nicotine |
causes blood to clot easily and increases risk of coronary heart disease due to blood clots in coronary arteries |
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carbon monoxide |
forms carboxyhaemoglobin which reduces ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen increases rate of fatty deposits on arterial walls |
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tar |
uncontrolled cell division paralysis of cilia lining: increased risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
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irritants |
paralysis cilia lining |
