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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five frequency measures? |
habitual frequency, habitual frequency variability, maximum frequency, minimum frequency,and phonational range |
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The change from one octave to another represents what increase in frequency? |
a doubling |
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high intensity may be associated with what voice problems? (2) |
hyperfunctional voice patterns and hearing loss |
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low intensity may be associated with what voice problems? (3) |
vocal fold paralysis increases in mass as in vocal nodulesbowed vocal folds due to over use presbylaryngeus or Parkinson’s |
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Inability to change intensity (monoloudness) may be indicative of (2): |
neurological problems andrespiratory inadequacy(often accompanies lack of variablity in pitch) |
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Relative Amplitude Pertubation is related to the amount of "__________" |
jitter (ms, HZ or %) |
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Amplitude Pertubation Quotient is related to the amount of "____________" |
shimmer |
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A lot of jitter in one's voice would be characterized perceptually by what type of speech? |
roughness and hoarseness |
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jitter is usually greatest at what speaking moments (beginning, middle, or end)? |
beginning and end |
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What is the relationship between jitter and frequency? (as frequency increases, what happens to jitter?) |
some measures increase, while others decrease
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Explain RAP |
relative percent variation in pitch cycle duration; calculated by comparing one cycle to the average cycle (a number of cycles averaged) measured in % |
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Studies show that males/females display more jitter |
females- at least for some vowels |
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What does shimmer measure? |
cycle to cycle variation in peak amplitude |
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How is shimmer measured? |
dB |
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A lot of shimmer in one's voice would be characterized perceptually by what type of speech? |
hoarseness or breathiness, or "noisy" voice |
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What voice pathology would lead to high levels of shimmer |
nodules, or mass lesions |
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Describe Amplitude Pertubation Quotient |
relative variation in pitch cycle amplitude -calculated by comparing one cycle to the average cycle (a number of cycles averaged)measured in % |
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The lower the fundamental frequency, the ________ the shimmer |
higher |
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Mean shimmer in normal speakers is less than how many dB? in %? |
0.7dB; 7% |
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Describe Noise-to-Harmonic Ratio: |
cycle variability in waveform shape |
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What does pertubation refer to? |
frequency and amplitude variations |
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T/F: There is always a slight aperiodicity in vocal fold vibration |
True |
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Disorders related to jitter and shimmer are common from these 3 things (Text, p.151) |
laryngectomy and huntington's disease, cochlear implants |
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What are some of the benefits of acoustic analysis? (3) |
generally affordable, non-invasive, and a way to gather INDIRECT info about the vocal folds |
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What is an important disadvantage of acoustic analysis? |
the lack of correspondence between acoustic measures, auditory perceptual features of the voice, and quality of life issues. |
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What are other disadvantages of acoustic analysis? |
doesnt work for highly aperiodic clients -measurement tools are highly sensitive to external noise -measurement depends on placement of microphone |
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What are other advantages of acoustic analysis? |
can provide a baseline to be remeasured quantitative measures are obtained |
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What is the most common type of voice disorder? |
Functional (atypical) |
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What are the three types of atypical voice disorders? |
Functional, organic, and neurogenic |
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T/F: Acoustic measures are crucial in determining the type of voice disorder |
False: taken alone measures do NOT clearly distinguish one type of disorder from another |
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A disorder of the vocal folds not fully explained by a general medical condition is called? What type of voice disorder is it? |
Conversion disorder; functional |
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How might one have a conversion disorder (what are some factors?) |
following stress or conflict |
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T/F: Coversion disorders can be the result of prlonged substance abuse |
False |
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Define muscle tension dysphonia. What type of disorder is it? |
dysphonia in the absence of organic vocal fold pathology -without obvious neurogenic or psychogenic pathology -It is a functional disorder |
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T/F: Functional dysphonia has an unknown organic or nuerogenic cause |
False; it is a disorder in the absence of these causes |
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Define mutational falsetto. What type of disorder is it? |
persistent use of high-pitched voice (without known organic cause) Functional |
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What type of disorder is nodules? |
functional |
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Nodules are unilateral or bilateral? |
bilateral |
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Where are polyps located? |
within the lamina propria (typically at midpoint of membranous folds) |
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polyps may be sessile or peduncular. What does this mean? |
sessile-broad attachment peduncular-footlike and hanging |
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T/F: polyps are most often unilateral |
True |
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What is vocal fatigue? |
increasing effort to get the same voice |
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Vocal fold paralysis as a result of flaccid dysarthria is what type of voice disorder? |
neurogenic |
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What is the difference between paralysis and paresis? |
paralysis is no movement; paresis is a reduction in movement |
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How are contact ulcers and granulomas formed (3)? |
phonotrauma, gastroesophogeal reflux, intubation, or other factors |
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The majority of malignancies of the vocal folds involve abnormalities of what? |
squamous cell epithelial lining |
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How does one develop laryngeal cancer, and what type of voice disorder is it? |
invasive cell growth from the epithelium to deeper structures of the vocal fold including the lamina propria or vocalis muscle |
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What are the four categories of voice assessment? |
acoustic visual interview auditory/perceptual |
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What assessment category is considered the gold standard? |
auditory perceptual |
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What does auditory perceptual assessment involve (4)? |
level of severity pitch level quality of voice |
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When measuring /s/ and /z/ the time for /s/ is divided by /z/...what is the normal ratio? |
1.0 to 1.4 |
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Why is an s/z ratio of 1.4 potentially problematic? |
patient is not able to sustain a voiced sound for as long as a voiceless sound...potentially impaired glottal efficiency |
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What is the purpose of /s/ /z/ assessment? |
They measure the patients respiratory support for speech as well as glottal efficiency |
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Pulse register is also referred to as? |
glottal fry |
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What is the normal range of octaves for children and adults? |
Adults 2.5-3 Children 2 |
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How does one test muscoskelatal tension? |
palpate the external laryngeal musculature, with the client identifying points of pain/tenderness |
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What are five ways to test laryngeal function? |
listen for hard glottal attack as patient counts from 80-90 (stopping after each number) Have patient cough forcibly Have patient say "uh huh" Have patient laugh Have patient clear throat |
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What does GRBAS stand for? |
grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia and strain |
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Spasmodic dysphonia is a disturbance at what neuroanatomical level? |
basal ganglia |
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Spasmodic dysphonia is a form of __________ dystonia. What does this mean? |
laryngeal; impaired tone (especially muscle tone) |
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What is the most common type of spasmodic dysphonia? When is it most noticeable |
adductor; most noticeable on vowels or voiced sounds |
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When are symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia better than other times? |
laughing, whispering, yawning, coughing, throat clearing, in the morning |
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How is muscle tension dysphonia different from spasmodic dysphonia? |
MTD- supralaryngeal hypertonicity consistent tension in phonation no improvement when singing no obvious differences in voiced/voicing |
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Producing the sound "wi wi wi" will be harder for abductor/adductor spasmodic dysphonia? why? |
adductor: it starts with a voiced consonant ("hah" is easier to say than "ah" for someone who has ADSD) |
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What has shown to be the most effective relief for spasmodic dysphonia? How long does this relief last? |
botox; 3 months |
