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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kussmaul respirations
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Deep, slow or rapid, gasping
Common in dka |
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Cheyene-Stokes
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Progressively deeper, faster breathing changes with slower, shallow breathing
Common in brain stem injury |
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Agonal respirations
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Slow, shallow or infrequent breathing
Indicates brain anoxia |
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ARDS assessment
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Symptoms related to underlying cause: abnormal lung sounds; crackles and rales
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ARDS Causes
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Sepsis
Aspiration Pneumonia Pulmonary injury Burns/inhalation injury Drugs High altitudes Hypothermia |
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ARDS Management
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Manage underlying condition
Provide oxygen Monitor vitals and rhythm |
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Airway obstruction
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Tongue is the most common cause
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Lung sounds types
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Clear
Rhonchi Stridor Crackles Rales |
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Complications of intubation
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Equip malfunction
Teeth breaking Soft tissue injuries Hypoxia Stomach tubes Tension pneumothorax |
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Dead space volume
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Air that remains in lungs after exhalation. Approx 150 ml in adult male
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Asthma management
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Correct hypoxia, reverse bronchospasm, reduce inflammation
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Asthma pathophysiology
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Restricts oxygen flow, bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema
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Asthma exam
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Includes: dyspnea, wheezing, cough, accessory muscle use
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Bronchitis & emphysema management
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Maintain airway, support breathing, oxygenate and prepare to intubate/ventilate
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Carbon monoxide assessment
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Focused and physical exam, determine length of exposure. Includes; headache, confusion, agitation, LoC or seizures
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Carbon monoxide management
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High flow O2 or ventilate and monitor
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Chemoreceptors
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Receptors that measure the pH level of the csf. Decrease PaO2, increased PaCO2, and decreased pH
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Chronic bronchitis history
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Frequent respiratory infections, cough, smoker and has bee going on for a while
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Chronic bronchitis exam
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Often overweight, rhonchi, jvd, edema 'blue bloater'
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Peds airway differences
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Smaller jaw
Larger tongue Cricoid cartilage is narrowest part Epiglottis is floppies and rounder |
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Diffusion
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Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration
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Disruption of ventilation
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Nervous system
Trauma Poisoning or overdose Disease |
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Emphysema assessment
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Physical exam
Barrel chest Prolonged expiration Pink skin due to extra rbc 'Pink puffers' |
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Emphysema pathophysiology
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Destruction of alveolar walls (atelectasis) causes poor perfusion
Increased residual tidal volume Right sided heart failure |
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Reasons for intubation
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Respiratory or cardiac arrest
Unconscious FBAO trauma Burns Anaphylaxis Pneumo-, hemo-, hemopneumothorax |
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Peds airway differences
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Smaller jaw
Larger tongue Cricoid cartilage is narrowest part Epiglottis is floppies and rounder |
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Diffusion
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Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration
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Disruption of bentilation
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Nervous system
Trauma Poisoning or overdose Disease |
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Emphysema assessment
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Physical exam
Barrel chest Prolonged expiration Pink skin due to extra rbc 'Pink puffers' |
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Emphysema pathophysiology
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Destruction of alveolar walls (atelectasis) causes poor perfusion
Increased residual tidal volume Right sided heart failure |
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Reasons for intubation
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Respiratory or cardiac arrest
Unconscious FBAO trauma Burns Anaphylaxis Pneumo-, hemo-, hemopneumothorax |
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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Amount of air that can be maximally inhaled after normal inspiration
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Peds airway differences
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Smaller jaw
Larger tongue Cricoid cartilage is narrowest part Epiglottis is floppies and rounder |
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Diffusion
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Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration
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Disruption of ventilation
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Nervous system
Trauma Poisoning or overdose Disease |
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Emphysema assessment
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Physical exam
Barrel chest Prolonged expiration Pink skin due to extra rbc 'Pink puffers' |
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Emphysema pathophysiology
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Destruction of alveolar walls (atelectasis) causes poor perfusion
Increased residual tidal volume Right sided heart failure |
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Reasons for intubation
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Respiratory or cardiac arrest
Unconscious FBAO trauma Burns Anaphylaxis Pneumo-, hemo-, hemopneumothorax |
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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Amount of air that can be maximally inhaled after normal inspiration
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Laryngoscope blades
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Mac goes into the vallecula
Miller lifts the epiglottis |
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Lower airway anatomy
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Trachea
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lung parenchyma Pleura |
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Normal respiration rates
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Adult- 12-20
Peds- 18-24 Infant- 40-60 |
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Other causes of airway obstructions
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Foreign bodies
Trauma Laryngeal spasm Laryngeal edema Aspiration |
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Pneumonia management
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Maintain airway
High flow O2/ventilate Monitor vitals Dn NOT overload on fluids |
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Pneumonia pathophysiology
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Infection of the lungs
Can be viral or bacterial |
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Pneumonia pathophysiology
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Infection of the lungs
Can be viral or bacterial |
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Pulmonary circulation
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Perfusion of co2 and o2
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Pneumonia pathophysiology
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Infection of the lungs
Can be viral or bacterial |
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Pulmonary circulation
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Perfusion of co2 and o2
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Pulmonary embolism assessment
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Unexplained tachycardia
Sudden onset of dyspnea and pain Cough, often blood tinged |
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Pneumonia pathophysiology
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Infection of the lungs
Can be viral or bacterial |
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Pulmonary circulation
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Perfusion of co2 and o2
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Pulmonary embolism assessment
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Unexplained tachycardia
Sudden onset of dyspnea and pain Cough, often blood tinged |
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Pulmonary embolism management
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Support airway
High flow O2/ventilate Monitor vitals Transport |
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Pneumonia pathophysiology
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Infection of the lungs
Can be viral or bacterial |
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Pulmonary circulation
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Perfusion of co2 and o2
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Pulmonary embolism assessment
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Unexplained tachycardia
Sudden onset of dyspnea and pain Cough, often blood tinged |
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Pulmonary embolism management
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Support airway
High flow O2/ventilate Monitor vitals Transport |
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Pulmonary embolism pathophysiology
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Obstruction of pulmonary artery
May be: air, fat, thrombus or amniotic |
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Pulmonary embolism physical exam
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Anxiety
Syncope Diaphoretic JVD Hypotension Warm and swollen extremities |
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Pulmonary embolism physical exam
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Anxiety
Syncope Diaphoretic JVD Hypotension Warm and swollen extremities |
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Pulmonary embolism risk factors
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Recent surgery
Long-bone fractures Pregnancy Oral contraceptive use Tobacco use IDDM |
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Respiration
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Exchange of gas between environment and living organism
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Respiratory system physical rxam
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Inspect skin color
Patients position Dyspnea Rate Pattern Metation Auscultation |
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Stretch receptors
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The Herring-Breuer reflex prevents over-expansion of the lungs
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Stretch receptors
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The Herring-Breuer reflex prevents over-expansion of the lungs
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Tidal volume
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Average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle
Average adult male: TV=500 ml |
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Total lung capacity
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Max lung capacity
Approx 6liters for an adult male |
