Respiratory

Front 1

Pulmonary ventilation is?

Back 1

air between atmosphere and alveoli

Front 2

External respiration is?

Back 2

diffusion of 02 and c02 across the respiratory membrane

Front 3

Transport of gases is?

Back 3

movement of 02 and C02 through arteries and veins

Front 4

Internal respiration is?

Back 4

Exchange of gases across cellular plasma membranes

Front 5

Lastly cellular respiration is?

Back 5

02 for energy and the source of C02

Front 6

Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration occur over what two zones?

Back 6

The conducting zone

The respiratory zone

Front 7

What is the coducting zone?

Back 7

Nose to bronchioles

Front 8

What is the respiratory zone?

Back 8

Small bronchiole - alveoli

Front 9

P02 and C02 Alveolar gas pressure is always...

Back 9

P02 100mmHg

PC02 40mmHg

Front 10

Returning to the alveolar deoxygenated blood gas levels are?

Back 10

P02 40mmHg

PC02 46mmHg

Front 11

On approach to the cells, oxygenated blood levels are and cellular gas levels are?

Back 11

Transported

P02 100mmHg

PC02 40mmHg

Cellular

P02 40mmHg

PC02 46mmHg

Front 12

what secretes surfactants in the alveoli?

Back 12

Pneumocyte II

Front 13

Why secret surfactant?

Back 13

To decrease surface tension caused by water, a polar molecule or the alveoli could collapse

Front 14

What is boyles law?

Back 14

Container and pressure. Keep the amount of gas the same but increase the container relieves the pressure. More relevant to pulmonary ventilation.

Front 15

Inspiration

Back 15

Between expiraion and inspiration air pressure equals

VRG sends efferent action potentials down the phrenic and intercostal nerve

Lungs expand/lung vol increases, air pressire decreases (as per Boyles Law)

Atmosphere air pressure is now greater- PRESSURE GRADIENT.

Air flows form high to low pressure gradient- so into the alveoli.

Two sec's and air pressure equalises

Expiration

Expiratory nuclei in VRG create IPSP's. Inhibits the inspiratory efferent neurons

No action potential, phrenic muscles and intercostal muscles relax and recoil causing a decrease in thoracic volume= decrease in alveolar volume= increase in alveolar pressure (as per Boyles law).

Air follows the pressure gradient and is expired

Equalization, pause, inspiration

Front 16

Why doesn't alveoli collapse?

Back 16

1. surfactant

2. 1/7 gas retained

Front 17

What is the mechanism of glomus cells?

Back 17

Detect hypoxia at 60mmHg

02 sensitive K+ channels close when 02 is unbound in hypoxia - prevents K+ efflux - depolarization - Ca++ voltage-gated channels reach threshold - exocytosis of DOPAMINE - action potential/ afferent/ vagus nerve/ gloosopharyngeal nerve / DRG and CPG = increae RR and depth.

Front 18

Stages of C02 transport out the cell to the resp membrane

Back 18

C02 diffuses into erythrocyte

l

Carbonic anhdrase and H20 convert it into Bicarbonate and H+ for transportation

l

Bicarbonate and H+ then revered back into C02 for diffusion across the respiratory membrane for external respiration.

Front 19

Glomus cells are?

Back 19

Periheral chemoreceptors found in the aortic arch and carotid bodies

Front 20

Central chemoreceptors are found where? and measure what?

Back 20

Medulla/ CSF - measure H+ bound to recepors

Front 21

Pre-botzinger is?

Back 21

inspiratory

Front 22

Boztinger is?

Back 22

Inhibitory- expiration

Front 23

chemoreceptors report to?

Back 23

DRG

Front 24

Why doesn't alveolar pressure change?

Back 24

because pulmonary ventilation changes 7th of the gas with each breath

Front 25

cellular gas levels remain the same figures as?

Back 25

alveolar gas levels, for equal exhange

Front 26

What creates C02 in the cells?

Back 26

cellular respiration

Front 27

Neural control of respiration is?

Back 27

Central Pattern Generator in the ventral medulla (pre- botzinger).

Front 28

Respiratory centre is? VRG

Back 28

Ventral respiratory group in the medulla

Front 29

Three characteristics of Ventral respiratory group are?

Back 29

Autorhythmic

drive inspiration

inhibitory neurons for expiration to happen

Front 30

What is te DRG?

Back 30

Dorsal respiratory group

Front 31

Function of the DRG?

Back 31

RR and depth depending on the afferent signals from the glomus/chemoreceptors.

Front 32

What are the Pontines?

Back 32

Fine resp co-ordination. Talk and breath.

Front 33

What is Daltons law?

Back 33

02 and C02 follow their partial pressure gradients high to low across the resp/cell membrane

Front 34

What type of cells are alveolar?

Back 34

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 35

Why can 02 and C02 diffuse through the resp membrane?

Back 35

Lipid soluble so non-facilitated diffusion

Basement membrane shared so thinner to difuse

Front 36

What types of cells are the capillaries?

Back 36

endothelial cells

Front 37

The epithelial cells of the alveolar and the endothelial cells of the capillaries share what?

Back 37

A basement membrane.

Front 38

Deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs has a P02 of?

Back 38

40mmHg

Front 39

Oxygenated blood leaving the lungs has a P02 of?

Back 39

100mmHg

Front 40

Oxygenated blood leaving the lungs has a C02 of?

Back 40

40mmHg

Front 41

PC02 in the cell is?

Back 41

46mmHg

Front 42

Alveolar PC02 is?

Back 42

40mmHg

Front 43

PC02 of deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is?

Back 43

46mmHg

Front 44

Deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs has a P02 of?

Back 44

40mmHg

Front 45

Gasouse exchange continues until

Back 45

equal

Front 46

02 is transported in the blood bound to?

Back 46

haemglobin

Front 47

C02 is transported for external respiration by?

Back 47

Haemaglobin converted as bicarbonate and H+

Front 48

Internal respiration is?

Back 48

leaving the cell

Front 49

external respiration is?

Back 49

Across the respiratory membrane

Front 50

Between inspiration and expiration pressure equalizes at?

Back 50

760mmHg