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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is not characteristic of experimental research? A. Interpretation of field notes B. Manipulation of treatments C. Random assignment of participants to groups D. Attempts to control factors other than the treatment |
A. Interpretation of field notes |
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What is the first step if the Scientific Method of Problem Solving? A. Gathering data B. Formulating the hypothesis C. Developing the problem D. Examining internal and external validity |
C. Developing the problem |
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Which type of research examines the distribution of health and disease conditions in populations? A. Experimental research B. Epidemiologic research C. The normative survey D. Correlational studies |
B. Epidemiologic research |
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What type of validity is defined as the extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study? A. criterion B. internal C. content D. external |
B. internal |
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Which method of problem solving is characterized by sticking with a specific belief even if there is no evidence that this belief is correct? A. Authority B. Tenacity C. Intuition D. Rationalism |
B. Tenacity |
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In the example in chapter 1 of the experiment that compared aerobic dance with jogging, what was the dependent variable? A. age of the participants B. number of exercise sessions per week C. skinfold-measured fat D. gender |
C. skinfold-measured fat |
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What is another term for the treatment in a study? A. Hypothesis B. Internal valiidty C. Independent variable D. Dependent variable |
C. Independent variable |
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To what type of validity does the generalizability of the results pertain? A. external B. internal C. construct D. logical |
A. external |
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What is meant when research is empirical? A. the researcher collects data on which to base decisions B. the researcher solves the problems through rationalization C. the research controls all extraneous variables D. the researcher finds positive support for the research hypothesis |
A. the researcher collects data on which to base decisions |
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What section of a thesis presents the rationale for the problem to be studied? A. Introduction B. Method C. Results D. Discussion E. Review of Literature |
A. Introduction |
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Which of the following is not considered an appropriate way to relate studies in a review of literature? A. relate studies with similar problem statements B. relate studies with similar findings C. relate studies from the same journal D. relate studies by types of methodology |
C. relate studies from the same journal |
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Which of the following is the most important to include in the review of literature? A. secondary sources B. primary sources C. indexes D. abstracts |
B. primary sources |
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The primary sources of a literature review are A. the most current indexes B. encyclopedia summaries C. research journal articles D. recent textbooks |
C. research journal articles |
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What does "completeness" mean when referring to the review of literature? A. that the review is long B. that all studies reviewed are reviewed thoroughly so that the reader understands the study procedures C. that the student has demonstrated to his or her committee that he or she has located, read, and understood the related literature D. that studies are sythesized within the revie |
C. that the student has demonstrated to his or her committee that he or she has located, read, and understood the related literature |
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What are terms used in computer searches that are used to locate sources on a topic of interest? A. primary sources B. secondary sources C. annotations D. descriptors |
D. descriptors |
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Which of the following are considered Primary Sources in review of literature? A. textbooks B. journal articles C. encyclopedias D. review papers |
B. journal articles |
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What is an Impact Factor for a journal? A. The number of journal articles published in a year. B. The average number of times journals are cited during one year. C. The number of articles a journal publishes divided by the number of issues of that journal in one year. D. The impact one journal has on another journal. |
B. The average number of times journals are cited during one year. |
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What is it called when an author states a prediction of the study's outcome? A. qualitative reasoning B. development of primary sources C. null hypotheis D. research hypothesis |
D. research hypothesis |
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Which section of the review of literature should provide the purpose of the review of literature and explain how it is organized? A. Summary B. Introdution C. Primary Sources D. Body |
B. Introdution |
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Which of the following is not an important purpose for reviewing the literature? A. identifying and defining the problem B. developing the method C. developing the research hypothesis D. all of the above are important reasons for reviewing the literature |
D. all of the above are important reasons for reviewing the literature |
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What is the term for a variable that a research purposely keeps out of the study because it could potentially influence the results? A. categorical variable B. moderator variable C. control variable D. independent variable E. dependent variable |
C. control variable |
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In a study designed to assess the comparative effectiveness of two workbooks used in teaching students about laboratory procedures, what would be the independent variable of the study? A. workbooks B. length of the treatment period C. test scores on laboratory procedures D. student attitude toward the intervention |
A. workbooks |
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A researcher predicts that there will be a positive relationship between attitude scores and grade point average. This is an example of a: A. limitation B. research hypothesis C. null hypothesis D. delimitation E. basic assumption |
B. research hypothesis |
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Recognizing that grade point average may not completely reflect success in school is an example of a: A. limitation B. research hypothesis C. null hypothesis D. delimitation E. basic assumption |
A. limitation |
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When a researcher chooses to study only 12 to 14 year old girls, she has stated: A. the significance of the study. B. a limitation. C. an assumption. D. a delimitation. |
D. a delimitation. |
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What is the term for the statement that is tested statistically by the researcher? A. research hypothesis B. operational definition C. null hypothesis D. purpose statement |
C. null hypothesis |
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A researcher examined the influence of a 10-week resistance training program vs. a 10-week aerobic training program on physical self-efficacy in overweight 14 to 16 year old girls. Which of the following represents the independent variable? A. physical self-efficacy B. 12 to 14 year old girls C. type of training program D. length of the training program |
C. type of training program |
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A research hypothesis: A. is directly testable. B. is nearly always the same as the null hypothesis. C. depends on the statistical hypothesis. D. predicts the technique used to analyze the data. |
A. is directly testable. |
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A thesis was submitted with the title "A study comparing the achievement of sixth-grade students in Moscow, Idaho, instructed in health education through closed-circuit television and regular classroom procedure for a period of 16 weeks." This title: A. fails to identify the broad area of research. B. is likely to be indexed improperly. C. is too long. D. does not tell what the study has done. |
C. is too long. |
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At the end of a well-written introduction, the reader should be able to predict the: A. organization of the literature review. B. statement of the problem (purpose of study). C. statistical analysis. D. measurement tools to be used. |
B. statement of the problem (purpose of study). |
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In evaluating the method section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind? A. Did the author clearly state the problem? B. Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated? C. Were the statistical data clearly summarized in tables or figures? D. Were each of the subjects clearly identified? |
B. Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated? |
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Which of the following is information that should be found in the section on design and analysis of the data? A. An ANOVA was used to compare the three groups. B. The reliability of the attitude scale was .89. C. There was a significant difference between the two teaching methods. D. All of the 167 participants responded "Agree" to the first item. |
A. An ANOVA was used to compare the three groups. |
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How could a researcher be sure that the instrument she wishes to use to measure physical activity will work well on 10-year-old children? A. Ask advanced graduate students for their opinion. B. Pilot test the instrument on available college students. C. Examine the characteristics of the participants and characteristics of the instrument and make an informed judgment. D. Pilot test the instrument on other 10-year-old children. |
D. Pilot test the instrument on other 10-year-old children. |
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In which part of the method section should you expect to find information about how the participants were tested? A. Participants B. Instruments C. Procedures D. Design and Analysis |
C. Procedures |
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In the instruments part of the method section, the author should include a description of the: A. characteristics of the participants who were measured.statistics that were applied to the measurements. B. experimental treatments under which the measurements were taken. C. test characteristics of validity and reliability. D. all of the above |
C. test characteristics of validity and reliability. |
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Which of the following statements would appear in the procedures part of the method section of a research report? A. Participants in the experimental group exercised three days per week for 30 minutes per day for 10 weeks. B. The test-retest reliability of the test instrument was reported to be .88 by Smith (1993). C. Pearson product moment correlation was used to analyze the relationship between scores on the distance run and scores on the test of maximal oxygen consumption. D. Participants scored above the national mean on the dependent variable. |
A. Participants in the experimental group exercised three days per week for 30 minutes per day for 10 weeks. |
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In which part of the Method section is a researcher most likely to state that the study was quasi-experimental? A. Participants B. Instruments C. Procedures D. Design and Analysis |
D. Design and Analysis |
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What does Cohen (1990) mean when he recommends that "less is more"? A. Use few participants to simplify data collection. B. Always only study one dependent variable. C. Study the number of independent and dependent variables that are practically and theoretically important. D. Use summary statistics, like the mean and standard deviation, to describe the participants. |
C. Study the number of independent and dependent variables that are practically and theoretically important. |
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In describing participants in the method section of a research report, which of the following should be included? A. number of participants B. procedures for testing participants C. pertinent descriptive characteristics of participants D. a and c E. a, b, and c |
D. a and c |
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Why is it desirable to carry out a pilot study prior to the actual research study? A. because it permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures B. because a pilot study involves more control over the procedures than is generally attained in the actual research project C. because if the pilot study results are positive, further work on the research project will be unnecessary D. because the researcher can use the results of the pilot study in the actual study, thus reducing the number of participants needed |
A. because it permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures |
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In reality, a training program increased the fitness level of the intervention group, while the fitness level of the control group did not change? Based on the sample data, the researcher did not reject the null hypothesis. What has occurred? A. the researcher make the correct decision B. the researcher made a type I error C. the researcher made a type II error D. the researcher chose the incorrect alpha level |
C. the researcher made a type II error |
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To what is a researcher referring when she sets the level of significance at the .05 level? A. effect size B. beta C. type I error D. type II error |
D. type I error |
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If a researcher finds a small difference in average test scores between a large sample (over 700) of experimental participants and a large sample (same size) of control participants, it is very likely that the difference is: A. statistically significant and has a high degree of meaningfulness B. not statistically significant but has a high degree of meaningfulness C. statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness D. neither statistically significant nor meaningful |
C. statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness |
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If the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when there really is a difference, this is an example of a: A. one-tailed test B. two-tailed test C. type I error D. type II error |
D. type II error |
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In reality, the self-efficacy of the middle-aged group was higher than the self-efficacy of the older adult group. Based on sample data, the researcher rejected the null hypothesis. What has occurred? A. the researcher made the correct decision B. the researcher made a type I error C. the researcher made a type II error D. the researcher used the incorrect alpha level |
A. the researcher made the correct decision |
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Which hypothesis is stated in the null form? A. There is no difference between the vocabulary scores of average- and high-ability students. B. The math achievement scores from School A are significantly higher than the scores from School B. C. The perceptual-motor development of first-grade girls is higher than that of first-grade boys. D. There is a positive relationship between attitude toward school and achievement scores. |
A. There is no difference between the vocabulary scores of average- and high-ability students. |
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What does it mean when a researcher states that a result is significant? A. the effect is an especially important one B. the scores are not correlated C. the result is unlikely to be a chance occurrence D. the scores are correlated |
C. the result is unlikely to be a chance occurrence |
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A measure of meaningfulness that expresses the difference between the experimental and control group in standard deviation units is the: A. effect size B. omega squared C. chi square D. r squared |
A. effect size |
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In reality, there is no difference in physical activity level between high school students and college students. Based on sample data, the researcher rejected the null hypothesis. What has occurred? A. the researcher made the correct decision B. the researcher made a type II error C. the researcher chose the wrong alpha level D. the researcher made a type I error |
D. the researcher made a type I error |
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Which of the following would decrease statistical power? A. increase the effect size B. decrease the sample size C. decrease the alpha level D. decrease the p value |
C. decrease the alpha level |
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Which of the following does not belong with the others? A. correlation B. coefficient of determination C. common variance D. r squared |
A. correlation |
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If two measures have a high positive correlation and a person has a low score on one measure, his or her score on the other measure is most likely to be: A. low B. high C. the same score D. dependent on whether one variable is the cause of the other |
A. low |
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In multiple regression, one is able to predict: A. two or more criteria from two or more predictors B. two or more criteria from one predictor C. one criterion from one predictor D. one criterion from two or more predictors |
D. one criterion from two or more predictors |
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A correlation of .00 between two variables indicates: A. a perfect positive relationship B. independence (no association) between the variables C. a perfect negative relationship D. a relationship of unknown degree |
B. independence (no association) between the variables |
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What is the statistic that represents the amount of error in a predicted score? A. line of best fit B. semipartial correlation C. standard error of estimate D. residual scores |
C. standard error of estimate |
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A researcher finds a correlation of .70 between popularity ratings and self-concept scores. What percentage of common association can be inferred between the two variables? A. 35% B. 49% C. 60% D. 70% |
B. 49% |
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What is it called when the correlation between two variables is due to the influence of a third variable? A. Pearson correlation B. Spearman correlation C. partial correlation D. spurious correlation |
D. spurious correlation |
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A correlational technique frequently used in the construction of an instrument (such as an attitude inventory) that statistically groups test items that seem to be measuring a particular dimension or trait is called: A. Spearman correlation B. factor analysis C. canonical correlation D. multiple regression |
B. factor analysis |
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If there is a correlation of .80 between a test of scholastic aptitude and performance on an achievement test, one can infer that: A. 80% of the achievement test variance is caused by scholastic aptitude B. 64% of the achievement test variance is caused by scholastic aptitude C. 40% of the achievement test variance is caused by scholastic aptitude D. no causation can be inferred |
D. no causation can be inferred |
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Prediction studies use which of the following as the basic analysis technique? A. ANOVA B. factor analysis C. multiple-range comparison D. correlation |
D. correlation |
