Research/statistics

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Naturalistic Observation

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Systematic study of behavior in a natural setting

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Case Studies

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Detailed information gathered on on onaspecific individual

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Clinical Study

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Is a form of a case study in which the therapist investigates the problem associated with the client

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Survey

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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a representative random sample of people

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Demand Characteristic

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Those taking the survey sense what the reaseracher wants of them and they supply the response they feel they are expected to give.

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Social Desirability

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Survey respondent offers responses they deem socially acceptable

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Descriptive Methods

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Descriptive statistics describe a set of data without making any generalized conclusions

-case studies,surveys and naturalistic observations describe behaviors

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Longitudinal Study

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Study one person or event over a long period of time.

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Cross-Sectional Study

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Study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

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Ex-post facto study

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Study something after it happened naturally; looks at the effect seeks the cause.

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Correlational Method

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A search for relationships

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Positive Correlation

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Increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other

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Negative Correlation

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An increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other

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Illusionary Correlation

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Perception of a relationship when no relationship actually exists

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Theory

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Explanation using an intergrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

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Hypothesis

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A testable prediction often implied by a theory which enables us to accept,reject, or revise the theory.

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Replication

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Other reaserchers repeat the experiment to confirm its conclusions.

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IV

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The experimental factor that is manipulated/ Variable whooses effect is being studied

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DV

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Experimental factor that is being measured/ Variable that may change in response of the IV

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Confounding Variable

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Inference by a third variable which distorts the association between the two variable being studied

EX. air temp,noises,eating prior to test

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Experiment Group/Condition

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Group of participants that are exposed to the treatment or the one version of the IV

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Control Group/Control

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Group of participants in an experiment who dont recieve the experimental treatment or intervention- No IV is applied to them and it serves as a comparison for evalutating the effect of the treatment

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Placebo

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Inert object or procedure used to make members of a control group believe they are recieving the same treatment as the experimental group

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Placebo Effect

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Occurs when the subject's medical condition improves when s/he recieves a placebo in the absence of other medical interventions

-Used in Clinical trails of medication

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Population

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Whole group you wantedto study and describe

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Sampling

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Process of choosing research participants from a population

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Representative Sampling

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A group of participants that is made up of approximately the same demographics as the larger population

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Random Sampling/Selection

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Every member of the population has an equal chance of being placed into the experimental or control group

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Assignment

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Division of participants into groups

-After Sampling

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Operational Definition

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Statement of procedures used to research variables and is helpful in the measurment of the DV

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Random Assignment

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Every participant has an equal chance of being placed into the experimental or control group

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Participant or Response Bias

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Tendacy for subjects to behave in certain ways based on their perception in the experiments

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Hawthorne Effect

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Being selected to be in a group to participate in an experiment will affect the performance of that group

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Experimental Bias

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Unconscious tendacy for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increaswe the chance of confirming their hypothesis

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Single Blind Procedure

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A study in which the observer knows which subjects received whcih treatment but the subjects themselves do not know

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Double Blind Procedure

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Procedure in which neither the person collecting the data not the participants know whic treatment is being applied

-Stops experimeter bias

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Demand Characteristic

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Implicit pressure on participants in a given study to act in ways that are consistent with the hypothesis under investigation

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Selective Reporting

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The fact that investigators are more likely to publish findings when they match predictions than when they do not

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Human Research Guildlines

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1. Coercion

2. Informed Consent- Participants know risks and benefits but also option of leaving the study

3. Anonymity/Confidentaility

4. Lack of risk

5.Debriefing Procedures- know the purpose of the study ans reveal any deceptions used

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Animal Research Guildlines

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1. Clear specific purpose

2. Care for and house animals in a humane way

3.Aquire animal subject legally

4.Design experimental procedures that emplot the least amount of suffering feasible

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Descriptive Statistics

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Summarize quantitve information about a group

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Inferencial Statistics

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Involves analysis of data to determine whether or not the result of mere chance or are actually the result of manipulation of the variables by the researcher

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Mean

Median
Mode

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- Average of all numbers

- Middle number

- Most frequent

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Normal/Bell Curve Shape

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Occurs when the mean, median, and the mode are all the same

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Variability

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Describes how clustered the numbers in a set of data are

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Standard Deviation (Z Score)

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A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean

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Low Z Score

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Data is tighly clustered around the mean

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High Z Score

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Date loosely spread over a tange of values

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Scatterplot

Frequency Histograph

Frequency Polygon

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- A graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables

- Bar Graph

- Line Graph

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Percentile Scores

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Tells you where you scored in comparison to others

85th percentile=you did well/better than 85% of people

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Ordinal Data

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Numbers assign an order to some set of things

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Interval

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Set of numbers tells you the difference between individual data points

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Inference

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Is a statistical statement of how frequently an obtained result occured by experimental manipulation or by chance

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Gambler's Fallacy

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Figuring possibilities many commit this error by wrongly assuming some occurenceus "due" to happen even when that occurence is purely a matter of chance

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Alternative Hypothesis

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Treatment did not have an effect in experiment

- A alternative tailored hypothesis states teh direction of the effect

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Statstical Significance

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Research result was unlikely to have occurred by chance alone

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Type I Error

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Concludes there is a statistically significant difference when there is not one/ 5% in the cut off for statiscally significant result

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P-Value

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Probability to make a type I error

- P=0.05 meanign the results would occur by chance 5% of the time