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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Research Producers
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People who produce research through studies
are apart of research and or authorship |
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Research Consumers
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People who read research and understand it
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What are the 4 scientific cycles
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Theory Data Cycle
Basic Applied Research Cycle Peer review Cycle Journal to journal cycle |
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Theory Data cycle
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Most important
This is where the research is involved and created when research is conducted and allows more research to step due to the originals findings |
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Basic Applied research Cycle
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balance between applied research which is targeting specific problems and basic which is relating and contributing to society
Ex. applied--> treating mental disorders Basic-->more general like the brain mechanisms of the eye. Basic stands for a bases for Applied |
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Peer review Cycle
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This is the process of publishing empirical articles.
They need to be peer reviewed and rejected or accepted by other psychologist in order to be published in a journal |
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Journal to Journal Cycle
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when it is published to the greater media
sometimes the results are tinted and changed to appeal to common society |
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Research Vs. Experience
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Personal experience has no facts to back it up and there are too many variables to draw conclusions it is confounded.
Research is better because it allows you to control all other variables |
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Research Vs. Intuition
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Intuition is based on bias allows you to think what you want to think through the cherry picking which is seeking info that supports you
asking biased questions being over confident |
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what are the three types of Claims
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Frequency
Association Casual |
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What are variables
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must have two levels
can be measured or manipulated can be conceptual or operational |
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Frequency Claims
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describe a particular rate or level of something
are always measured never manipulated |
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Association Claims
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looking for correlation
when one thing changes another 4 types: positive negative curvilinear zero |
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Casual Claims
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same as association but specify which variable causes the other to change
reading causes higher IQ scores |
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What are the 4 validities
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Construct
statistical internal external |
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Construct validity
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How well the researcher has operated the study. looks at the methods
must make sure the study has been measured reliably |
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External Validity
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look at how the results can be represented to the public. look at sample size and see how it can relate to general population
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Statistical validity
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to the extent that the statistical results are accurate and reasonable
Looks at type 1 and type 2 errors |
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Internal validity
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looking to see if the any alternative explanations or associations can be found. looking for other variables that might have changed the results
only important for casual claims |
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what validates do causal claims need
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covariance
temportal precedence internal validity |
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what validates do association claims need?
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Construct, external, Statistical
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What validities do frequency claims need?
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Construct, statistical, internal, external.
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what are the three things researchers are obligated to treat their participants with?
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kindness
respect fairness |
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which two studies started the ethics movement
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Tuskegee syphillis study--> looking and treating and giving syphillis to people in the 30s everyone died
3 violations were done: participants were harmed, were not rested with respect and targeted a disadvantaged group. Milgram obedience study--> shocking people to see how they responded to authority ethical concerns: participants were harmed in the form of stress, could have had negative lasting effect yet they did debrief participants |
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what was the belmont report?
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came from the studies--> 1976 gathered in maryland to discuss ethical concerns
came up with 4 principals respect for persons beneficence justice was ment to guid research for medicine, psychology, biology |
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Respect for persons
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Contains two provisions
informed consent no coercion--> not forced |
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beneficence
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researcher must take steps to protect participants
make sure their well being is protected |
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Justice
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a balance between the participants who benefit from the research
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compare and contrast Belmont and APA
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both have justice
both have respect for persons both have beneficence yet APA added nonmmaleficence which is not conduct research that benefits society added fidelity and responsibility Added integrity added 10 ethical standards Standard 8 is the only one that applies to research |
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briefly explain standard 8
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must apply with IRB get consent avoid deception or debrief when caring with animals treat them humanely and fallow through with IACUC
avoid data fabrication and falsification dont plagiarize |
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What are the three types of measures
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self report
observational physiological |
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What is opertionalization?
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turning a conceptual variable into a measured variable
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Self report
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measures operationalizes a variable by recording a participants answers on a questionnaire or in a interview
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Observational measures
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AKA behavioral measures
records observable behaviors or physical traces of behavior |
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Physiological Measures
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recording biological data
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Two ways to measure variables
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categorical and quantitative
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Categorical measurements
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looks at nominal variables
sex shoes |
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quantitative
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three types
ordinal -- when data is in rank order interval when you have equal intervals between units ratio when there is an absolute zero point |
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Test retest reliability
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must get consistent results every time
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interrater reliability
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two or more independent observers will come up with similar findings
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internal reliability
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research identifies whether several items that are suppose to measure the same general construct do produce similar scores example
GRE vs ETS |
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Correlation Coefficient
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If its closer to zero less correlation is has
closer to +1 positive closer to -1 negative test retest -r>.5= good interrater -r>0.7=good internal chronbachs alpha>.7=good |
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what are the 5 types of validity
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face validity
content validity predictive/concurrent validity convergent validity discriminant or divergent validity |
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Face validity
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when it looks plausible
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Content validity
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must include all parts of measured construct
if you are looking at IQ must look at ability to reason, plan comprehensive and learn quickly |
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Predictive and concurrent validity
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evaluate whether the measure can relate to concrete outcome
concurrent--> looks to see if its cross situational predictive --> looks to see if it can be predictive |
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Convergent validity
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one measure of a construct should correlate strongly with other measures of the same construct
Example: looking at two different depression scales |
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discriminant or divergent validity
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one measure should not correlate strongly with a different construct
ex. depression inventory should not strongly correlate with their scale on a physical health scale |
