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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Empiricism?
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Empiricism is the philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence
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What is Determinism?
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Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events
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What is the inductive method?
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It is an experiment-first-and-explain-later approach
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What is the deductive method?
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is an explain-first-and-verify-later approach
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What is a null hypothesis?
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2 variables are not related
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What is an alternative hypothesis?
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2 variables are related; perhaps one is the cause of the other
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What is qualitative data?
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verbal descriptions of attributes of events
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What is quantitative data?
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numerical descriptions of attributes of events
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What is stratified sampling?
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Stratified sampling is a type of random sampling where the composition of the sample matches the population. Samples are stratified by gender, age, socioeconomic status, educational level, etc.
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What is concurrent validity?
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Concurrent validity is a type of validity which predicts performance from one measure to another.
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What is ABACA/ACABA?
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A single subject design which evaluates the effectiveness of two treatments must include notation for each treatment; thus, B and C.
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What is Correlational research?
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When a researcher wants to determine the relationship between variables, then correlational research is conducted
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What kind of source is a pseudoscientific source?
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A pseudoscientific source is not a scholarly source.
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Jonathon conducted a study for his master's thesis. His topic of interest was investigating early language disorders. Jonathon decided to compare two treatment approaches: milieu intervention and focused stimulation. To determine the effectiveness of the treatment, he measured the children's mean length of utterance and total number of words. The dependent variable(s) is(are):
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Milieu intervention and focused stimulation are the independent variables. The dependent variables are the variables that you measure and changed by the independent variables.
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Ted conducted a study to determine if computerized fluency instruction would decrease the number of repetitions in school age children who stutter. Ted wants to eliminate as many threats to internal validity as possible. Thus he will use________________ sampling to select his participants.
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Random Sampling-One way to eliminate threats to internal validity is through random sampling where everyone in the population has a chance to be selected for the sample.
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What is content validity?
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The items on a test need to match what the test measures
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What does an interval scale measure?
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Results of standardized tests are typically interval levels of measurement. It is a scale of measurement that is numerical.
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What does a nominal scale measure?
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A category is present (e.g, hypernasality) or absent (normal nasality). Items or observations are classified into named groupings or discrete categories that do not have a numerical relationship to one another.
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What does an ordinal scale measure?
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It is a numerical scale that can be arranged according to rank orders or level. Ordinal scales use relative concepts such as greater than and less than.
E.g. 1=strongly agree 2=agree 3=neutral 4=disagree 5=strongly disagree |
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What does a ratio scale measure?
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It has the same properties as an interval scale, but numerical values must be related to an absolute zero point.
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You have conducted research using a computerized treatment for improving vocabulary. You have recruited five school-age participants. You have developed your own assessment of vocabulary that has a range of scores from 0-50. After the intervention, you assess vocabulary and the five participants achieve the resulting scores: 10, 12, 11, 13, 30. Which measure of central tendency best describes the set of scores:
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Median; Since 30 is an outlier number, you would use the median to represent the set of scores.
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A researcher conducts a single subject design to determine if fluency treatment X is effective. The researcher collects baseline data, then implements treatment X. When the client improves, the researcher withdraws the treatment. Which single subject design is this?
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ABA-In this example, A is the baseline data phase, B is the implementation of the treatment, and A is the withdrawl of the treatment.
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What is Class I evidence?
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it is based on randomized group experimental design study, often referred to as a randomized clinical trial; this is the best evidence supporting a procedure.
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What is Class II evidence?
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It is based on well-designed studies that compare the performance of groups that are not randomly selected or designed to different groups.
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What is Class III evidence?
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It is based on expert opinion and case studies. This is the weakest of the levels of evidence.
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