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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abstract |
A summary of a piece of research presented at the start of the paper, outlining the aim, method, participants, results and conclusion |
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Alternate Hypothesis |
A prediction that there will be an effect |
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Altruistic behaviour |
Selfless behaviour |
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Anonymity |
Where participants data is kept private |
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Appendices |
A section at the end of a paper which contains a list of things (such as calculations and materials) which the reader may need to repeat the research |
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Arousal |
Hightened stimulation or excitement |
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Biased Sample |
A sample that is not representative of its target population or of people in general |
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Biomedical |
A model of health aiming to explain health in single factor physical causes |
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Biopsychosocial |
A model of health aiming to explain health in terms of psychological, social and physical causes |
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Bystander Apathy |
Where people don't offer help to a victim if others are present |
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Case Studies |
Where a small group of (often unusual) participants are studied in depth |
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Ceiling Effect |
The point at which a participant cannot get a higher score on a test although they have the capability of doing so. |
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Classical Conditioning |
People learn to associate two behaviours |
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Closed Questions |
Questions with a limited range of responses to choose from |
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Coding frames |
Groups of classifications, showing how qualitative data has been converted into numerical data for analysis |
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Concurrent Validity |
Where a test is validated against existing tests that test the same thing |
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Conditions |
In an experiment, the situations under which it is undertaken such as a control condition or experimental condition. |
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Confidentiality |
Not associating participants names with their responses to protect their privacy |
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Consent |
Ethical requirement that participants have agreed to take part in the research |
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Construct Validity |
Where a test/study measures the actual behaviour it set out to measure |
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Content Analysis |
Where researchers analyse text to look for patterns and repetitions |
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Controlled Observation |
An observation which controls all possible factors that might alter results |
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Controls |
The aspects in research which are kept the same for all conditions |
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Correlation Studies |
Researcher tests to see whether two variables are related |
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Cost-Reward |
Weighing up the price of a behaviour vs the possible benefits |
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Counterbalancing |
A way of reducing order effects in a repeated measures desing by systematically varying the order of presentation of tasks to participants |
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Covert Observation |
Where participants are observed without their knowledge. |
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Criterion Validity |
How much one measure predicts the value of another measure |
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Cross-cultural |
Across and involving people from different cultures |
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Cross-sectional Study |
Where data is collected at a specific point in time, but participants are of different ages |
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Cross-sectional Study |
Snapshot study with benefits of longitudinal |
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Cultural Bias |
Bias towards people of a particular culture |
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Curve of Normal Distribution |
A symmetrical bell-shaped curve which shows that most scores are around the midpoint and there are fewer scores the further you get from the midpoint. |
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Debrief |
Discussion between participant and researcher after an investigation where the researcher ensures the participant will not be traumatised by the study |
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Deception |
Where participants are tricked into believing the study is investigating one thing when in reality it is investigating something else |
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Deductive |
Research where the primary goal is testing theories |
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Demand characteristics |
Where participants interpret the aims of the study and change their behaviour to fit these aims |
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Dependent Variable |
Measure of behaviour in an experiment. Can usually be assumed to be affected by the independent variable. |
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Design |
Procedure used to control the influences of participant variables in an experiment |
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Determinist |
Belief that a person's behaviour is determined by factors outside their control |
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Diffusion of responsibility |
Individual bystanders may not feel enough responsibility to help a victim if they are in a large group of bystanders as the responsibility is spread between them |
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Discussion |
Part of the research paper that focuses on what the study discovered as well as possible explanations and improvements that could be made. |
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Double-blind |
Where both the participants and the data collectors are unaware of which condition the participants are in and the aims of the study |
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Ecological validity |
How true the research is to real life |
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Empirical Evidence |
Evidence from research into how things actually are (rather than how we believe they are) |
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Ethics |
Moral principles that influence the way in which research is carried out |
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Ethnocentric bias |
Only one type of person is chosen to represent a diverse bias |
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Event sampling |
An event is recorded each time it happens |
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Experiments |
Tests under controlled conditions to see the effects of an IV on the DV. |
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External Reliability |
Extent to which a test score varies from one time to another |
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External Validity |
When research can be generalised to other settings |
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Extraneous Variable |
An undesirable variable that could affect the influence of the IV on the DV |
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Face Validity |
Whether the study measures what the researcher wants it to measure |
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Face Validity |
How good the study looks to be testing what it is meant to be testing |
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Falsificiability |
How possible it is to prove wrong |
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Field Experiments |
Experiments that occur in the natural environment of the people exhibiting the behaviour to be studied |
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Free will |
Acting according to personal choice rather than necessity/fate |
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Frequency Table |
A tally chart where the frequency of particular scores are recorded |
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Generalise |
To take a specific research finding and apply it to the broader population |
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Histogram |
Similar to bar charts. Only used for continuous data |
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Holistic |
Parts of a whole are considered to be interrelated so that the whole is more than just the sum of its parts |
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Hypothesis |
Research prediction |
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Independent Measures Design |
Participants only take part in one condition |
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Individual Differences |
Variations between people |
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Inductive |
Primary goal is generating new theories |
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Internal Reliability |
How consistent results of a test are across items within that test |
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Internal Validity |
Research does not have lots of extraneous variables and the effect of the IV on the DV is truly being measured. |
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Inter-rater Reliability |
Two observers are consistently rating or observing the same behaviours and the two sets of observations correlate to ensure observations were not subjective |
