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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Questionnaires |
These are made up of a pre-list written questions to which a participant response they can be used as part of an experiment to assess the DV |
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Positives of questionnaires |
It can be distributed to lots of people Can gather large amounts of data quickly and the researcher need not be present when completed Reduces the effort involved and makes questionnaires cost-effective |
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Negatives to questionnaires |
Respondents may not always be truthful Respondents tend to Present themselves in a positive light Bias is still possible |
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Interviews |
Face-to-face interaction between an interviewer and interviewee |
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What are the three types of interviews |
Structured interview a list of predetermined questions asked in a fixed order Unstructured interviews there are no set questions there is a general topic to be discussed but the interaction is free flowing and the interviewee is encouraged to elaborate Semistructured interviews list of questions that have been worked out in advance but interviewers are free to ask or follow up on questions when appropriate |
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Positive and negative of a structured interview |
Positive is it’s easy to replicate it’s in a standardised format the format reduces difference between interviewers Negatives interviewees cannot elaborate they can’t deviate from the topic it may be a source of frustration for some |
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Positives and negatives of unstructured interview |
Positives are more flexibility points can be followed up and they are more likely to gain insight of interviewees worldview Negatives are it’s difficult to replicate they lacks structure and I’m not standardised piousness of the interviewer |
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What are the two different types of questions |
Closed questions which is that the respondent has a limited choice Open questions respondents provide their own answers expressed in words |
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Positives and negatives of closed questions |
Positives or it’s easy to analyse can produce graphs and charts and it makes it easier to draw a conclusion Negatives are the respondents are restricted forced into an answer that and it may not represent their true feelings may reduce validity |
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Positives and negatives of open questions |
Positives are the respondents are not restricted answers are more likely to provide detailed information and it’s likely to have more validity Negatives are always difficult to analyse why do a variety of answers than produced by quantitive data and may be forced to reduce data distichs |
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Design of interviews What is an interview schedule |
A standardised list of questions that the interviewer needs to cover this reduces in to be biased |
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Design of interviews what is a quiet room |
It will increase the likelihood that the interviewee will open up |
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Design of interviews report |
Begin with neutral questions to make the participant feel more relaxed |
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Remind interviewees the answers will be treated in confidence |
Remind interviewees the answers will be treated in confidence |
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Pilot studies |
A pilot study is a small-scale trial run of a research design before the real thing The aim of it is to find out if certain things don’t work so you can correct them before spending time and money on the actual experiment |
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What is quoted to data |
Numerical data e.g. reaction time or number of mistakes |
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Positives and negatives of quantitive data |
Positives are it’s easy to analyse you can draw graphs and calculating add fridge you can eyeball data and see patterns at a glance |
Positives are it’s easy to analyse you can draw graphs and calculating add fridge you can eyeball data and see patterns at a glance glance |
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What is qualitative data |
Non-numerical data expressed in words |
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Positives and negatives of quality of data |
Positives are represents complexities more detail included and it can include information that is unexpected Negatives are it’s less easy to analyse large amount of detail is summarised and it’s difficult to draw conclusions |
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What is primary and secondary data |
Primary data is first-hand data collected for the purpose of investigation Secondary data is collected by some other person who is conducting the research e.g. articles taken from newspapers |
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Positives and negatives of primary data |
Positives are fits the job study design to extract only the data needed and information is directly relevant to the research aims Requires time and effort design may involve planning and preparation secondary data can be accessed within minutes |
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Positives and negatives of secondary data |
Secondary data is inexpensive the desired information may already exist requires minimal effort making it an expensive Negatives are the quality maybe poor information may be out of date or incomplete and it challenges the validity of the conclusion |
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What are the four research techniques |
Randomisation which is the use of chance when designing investigations to control for the effect of bias Standardisation using exactly the same formalised procedure for all participants in a research study Control groups they are more used for the purpose of setting a comparison they act as a baseline to help establish causation Single blind double blind single blind is the participants don’t know the aim of the study so demand characteristics are reduced where is double-blind both participants and research as don’t know the aim of the study to reduce demand characteristics |
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Independent groups positives and negatives |
Independent group should be randomly allocated to an experimental group The positives are there is no order affect the participants are only tested once therefore they won’t guess the aim therefore behaviour may be more natural Negatives are however the participants in the two groups are different acting which may reduce the validity of the study furthermore you need twice as many participants so more time spent recruiting |
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What are repeated measures positives and negatives |
Repeated measures are when some participants take part in all conditions of an experiment the order of conditions should be counterbalanced to avoid order affect Positives are the person in both conditions have the same characteristics this is important in CV furthermore there are less participants Negative effects are participants may do better or worse boundaries similar task twice so it reduces the validity of the results furthermore participants may guess the aim of the study so they will change their behaviour so it reduces validity |
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Matched pairs positives and negatives |
Two groups of participants are used they are related to each other by being paired own participant variables that matter for the experiment Participants matched on variables that is relevant to experiment enhances the validity of the result furthermore participants are only tested once so known practice or fatigue efforts this also enhances the validity of the results Negatives are matching is time-consuming and you can’t control all relevant variables which may not address participant variables furthermore you need twice as many participants |
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Labatory experiments positives and negatives |
A controlled environment where extenuates and confounding variables can be regulated the ivy is manipulated and if affect on the TV is recorded Positives are EV‘s and CVs can be controlled this means that effect on the DV can be minimalised cause-and-effect between IV and DV can be demonstrated high internal validity furthermore it can be easily replicated due to the standardised procedure this can then confirm that liberty May lack generalisability so participants are aware they’re being studied so their behaviour may not be natural it may also be demand characteristic so it has external validity |
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Field experiment |
It’s a natural setting the researcher goes to the participants and the ivy is manipulated and the effect from the DV is recorded Positives are it’s more of a natural environment so the participants are more comfortable therefore their results may be more generalised to every day furthermore the participants unaware that being studied so again they’re more likely to have normal has great external validity Negatives are however it’s more difficult to control CVs observed changes in the DV may be due to the IV but not the CV furthermore it’s more difficult to establish cause and effect than allowed in there are ethical issues because participants do not have informed consent. |
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Natural experiment |
The experimenter does not manipulate the ivy the ivy which have varied even if the experimenter wasn’t interested the DV may be naturally occurring or maybe measured by the experimenter May be the only ethical option because it may be on ethical to manipulate the IV it also has greater external validity as it involves real life issues such as the effects on natural disaster it also means the findings are more relevant to the real experiments The natural event may only occur really which reduces the opportunity for research so it may limit the scope for generalising furthermore participants are not randomly allocated they have the experimenter has no control over which participants are placed in which conditions as the IV is pre-existing |
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Causy experiment |
IV is based on pre-existing differences between people the DV maybe naturally occurring or maybe measured by the experimenter There is often high control this means increased confidence about drawing casual conclusions furthermore comparisons may be made with people Negatives are the participants are not randomly allocated this means that the participant variables may have caused a change in the DV acting a CV furthermore casual relationships not demonstrated the research it is not manipulate or control the IV meaning that we cannot say for certain that any changes in the DV was due to the Iv |
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Population sampling |
Population is a large group of people that a researcher is interested in studying Sample it’s usually not possible to include all members of the population in the study so small group is selected Generalisation a song for that is drawn should be representative of the population so generalisations can be made Bias the majority of samples are biased in the certain groups may be over underrepresentative or underrepresentative |
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Population sampling |
Population is a large group of people that a researcher is interested in studying Sample it’s usually not possible to include all members of the population in the study so small group is selected Generalisation a song for that is drawn should be representative of the population so generalisations can be made Bias the majority of samples are biased in the certain groups may be over underrepresentative or underrepresentative |
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Opportunity sampling |
Most available people who are simply missed available ones who are nearest easy is to obtain this may be done by asking people nearby The positives are it’s a quick method it’s convenient and it mate is it one of the most popular sampling methods The negatives however is that it’s inadvertently bias it can be on representative of the target population this means that findings cannot be generalised |
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Population sampling |
Population is a large group of people that a researcher is interested in studying Sample it’s usually not possible to include all members of the population in the study so small group is selected Generalisation a song for that is drawn should be representative of the population so generalisations can be made Bias the majority of samples are biased in the certain groups may be over underrepresentative or underrepresentative |
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Opportunity sampling |
Most available people who are simply missed available ones who are nearest easy is to obtain this may be done by asking people nearby The positives are it’s a quick method it’s convenient and it mate is it one of the most popular sampling methods The negatives however is that it’s inadvertently bias it can be on representative of the target population this means that findings cannot be generalised |
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Volunteer sampling |
In a volunteer sampling participant select themselves This may be through advertisement The positives are the participants are willing to do it therefore they are likely to engage more than people stopped on the streets The negatives are that it’s likely to be a biased sample as they may share a keen trait therefore generalisation is limited |
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Population sampling |
Population is a large group of people that a researcher is interested in studying Sample it’s usually not possible to include all members of the population in the study so small group is selected Generalisation a song for that is drawn should be representative of the population so generalisations can be made Bias the majority of samples are biased in the certain groups may be over underrepresentative or underrepresentative |
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Opportunity sampling |
Most available people who are simply missed available ones who are nearest easy is to obtain this may be done by asking people nearby The positives are it’s a quick method it’s convenient and it mate is it one of the most popular sampling methods The negatives however is that it’s inadvertently bias it can be on representative of the target population this means that findings cannot be generalised |
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Volunteer sampling |
In a volunteer sampling participant select themselves This may be through advertisement The positives are the participants are willing to do it therefore they are likely to engage more than people stopped on the streets The negatives are that it’s likely to be a biased sample as they may share a keen trait therefore generalisation is limited |
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Random sampling |
Equal chances this may be done through the lottery message so names are placed in a hat and you just draw from it Diwali truth or there is potential unbiased as the research has no influence over he was selected Representation isn’t guaranteed limits ability to generaliseq |
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Population sampling |
Population is a large group of people that a researcher is interested in studying Sample it’s usually not possible to include all members of the population in the study so small group is selected Generalisation a song for that is drawn should be representative of the population so generalisations can be made Bias the majority of samples are biased in the certain groups may be over underrepresentative or underrepresentative |
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Opportunity sampling |
Most available people who are simply missed available ones who are nearest easy is to obtain this may be done by asking people nearby The positives are it’s a quick method it’s convenient and it mate is it one of the most popular sampling methods The negatives however is that it’s inadvertently bias it can be on representative of the target population this means that findings cannot be generalised |
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Volunteer sampling |
In a volunteer sampling participant select themselves This may be through advertisement The positives are the participants are willing to do it therefore they are likely to engage more than people stopped on the streets The negatives are that it’s likely to be a biased sample as they may share a keen trait therefore generalisation is limited |
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Random sampling |
Equal chances this may be done through the lottery message so names are placed in a hat and you just draw from it Diwali truth or there is potential unbiased as the research has no influence over he was selected Representation isn’t guaranteed limits ability to generaliseq |
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Systematic sampling |
Participants are selected using a set pattern so it may be every second person that is selected The positives are is that it’s unbiased as it selected at random The negatives are however it costs a lot of time and effort and a complete list of the population is required may as well use round it’s up to you |
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Stratified sampling |
Participants are selected according to their frequency in the target population subgroups are identified such gender The positives are it’s a representative method generalisability is more likely The negatives are stratification is not perfect as it can’t reflect all the ways in which people are different so complete representation is not possible |
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Observational techniques |
It’s a way of seeing or listening to what people do without having to ask them Positive sorry can capture unexpected behaviour Negatives are there is a risk of observer bias |
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Naturalistic |
This takes place where the target behaviour would normally occur Positives are has high external validity because it’s in a natural context behaviour is more likely to be spontaneous therefore you can generalise it more Negatives are however there is low control there may be uncontrolled EV‘s which makes it more difficult to detect patterns |
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Naturalistic |
This takes place where the target behaviour would normally occur Positives are has high external validity because it’s in a natural context behaviour is more likely to be spontaneous therefore you can generalise it more Negatives are however there is low control there may be uncontrolled EV‘s which makes it more difficult to detect patterns |
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Controlled |
Some control and manipulation of variables include control of Ev Positives are that can be replicated due to standardised procedure findings can therefore be checked again to see if they occur again The negatives are it may have a lower external validity I cannot be applied to every day life |
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Coverting overt |
Cova is where the participants are unaware they are being studied this means that demand characteristics are reduced so behaviour will be more natural increasing the validity however it’s ethnically questionable as participants right to privacy may be affected Over at participants are aware of being studied this means that it’s more ethically acceptable they have given their consent and they have to write to withdraw however demand characteristics may take place reducing the validity of the findings |
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Coverting overt |
Cova is where the participants are unaware they are being studied this means that demand characteristics are reduced so behaviour will be more natural increasing the validity however it’s ethnically questionable as participants right to privacy may be affected Over at participants are aware of being studied this means that it’s more ethically acceptable they have given their consent and they have to write to withdraw however demand characteristics may take place reducing the validity of the findings |
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Participant and non-participant |
Participant is when the researcher becomes part of the group they are studying this can lead to a greater insight which enhances the validity however there is a possible loss of objectivity as the researcher may identify to strongly with those they are studying Nonparticipant study is when the research to remain separate from the group they are studying this means there is more objectivity so there is less chance of bias which increases the validity however there may be a loss of insight because the research is taking themselves to far away from the study may reduce validity |
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Coverting overt |
Cova is where the participants are unaware they are being studied this means that demand characteristics are reduced so behaviour will be more natural increasing the validity however it’s ethnically questionable as participants right to privacy may be affected Over at participants are aware of being studied this means that it’s more ethically acceptable they have given their consent and they have to write to withdraw however demand characteristics may take place reducing the validity of the findings |
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Participant and non-participant |
Participant is when the researcher becomes part of the group they are studying this can lead to a greater insight which enhances the validity however there is a possible loss of objectivity as the researcher may identify to strongly with those they are studying Nonparticipant study is when the research to remain separate from the group they are studying this means there is more objectivity so there is less chance of bias which increases the validity however there may be a loss of insight because the research is taking themselves to far away from the study may reduce validity |
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Observe for design |
Behavioural categories a target behaviour to be observed should be broken up into categories it makes it difficult to make clear and ambiguous they should be self evident and not overlap all forms of behaviour should be in the list Time sampling observations on made a regular interval once every 15 seconds this is good because it reduces the number of observations observation is more structured and systematic however it may be up unrepresentative as important detail may be missed. May not reflect whole behaviour Event sampling a target behaviour event is recorded every time it Occurred this is good because it may record infrequent behaviour the researcher was still pick up on behaviours that do not occur at regular intervals however complex behaviour is oversimplified so important details may go on recorded which may affect the validity |
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Meta analysis |
A type of secondary data that involves combining data from a large number of studies It has an increased validity of conclusions the event sample size is much larger than individual sample lights this means generalisations can’t be made However it does have publication biased as the research may not select all relevant studies leaving out negative or non-significant results |
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Measures of central tendency |
Mean median Mode |
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Measures of dispersion |
Range Standard deviation the measure of the average spread around the main the larger the standardisation the more spreadout the data is |
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