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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Deduction |
- Reasoning from the general to the particular - E.g. Starting with a theory and looking for instances that confirm this |
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Field Experiment |
- Psychologist controls IV + DV - Participants' environment |
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Natural Experiment |
- Psychologist DOESN'T manipulate IV, but does measure DV - No control over extraneous variables - Participants' environment |
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Social Desirability |
- Wanting to look good (problem with self-report techniques) |
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Demand Characteristics |
- Acting how you think the psychologist wants you to |
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Retrospective Data |
- Can be unreliable, as you are asking people to recall memories |
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Quantitative Data |
- Comes from closed questions - Numerical data ❌ Lacks detail ✅ Highly reliable - Presented as scattergrams, bar charts, histograms + frequency polygons |
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Bar Charts |
- Show data in form of categories - Columns separated by a gap |
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Histograms |
- Used for continuous data - No gaps between bars |
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Measures of Central Tendency |
- Mean, Mode and Median |
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Questionnaires |
- Non-experimental self-report technique - Carried out on representative groups (researcher can generalise to target population) - Quick, efficient and cheap |
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Closed Questions |
- Have a restricted number of answers - Gives quantitative data (easy to analyse, but limited detail) |
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Open Ended Questions |
- Allows a free response - Gives qualitative data (harder to analyse, but gives richer detail) |
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Schema |
Generalised knowledge about situations and events |
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Independent Variable |
Factor being manipulated by the researcher |
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Dependent Variable |
Factor being measured by the researcher |
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Repeated Measures Design |
- Each participant does BOTH aspects of the study ✅ No effect of participant variables ✅ Smaller sample needed ✅ Less time consuming and cheaper ❌ Participants guessing the purpose of the research ❌ Differences across conditions may be due to factors other than IV |
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Matched Pairs Design |
- One person does one part of the experiment and the other person does the other - Get 2 people and match them as closely as possible ✅ Combines advantages of both other types of design ❌ Can be difficult and time consuming to match ❌ Relatively uncommon ❌ Restricted to specific situations where a matching process is highly desirable |
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Independent Groups Design |
- Each participant does ONE aspect of the independent variable (They don't swap!) ✅ No order effects ✅ Sample is more likely to be representative ✅ Tests can be standardised across conditions ❌ Individual differences (no control of participant variables) ❌ Takes more time and costs more ❌ More participants are needed |
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Informed Consent |
- Participants are told in full detail all aspects of the research that are likely to influence them - For under 16s, parents/guardians should give consent |
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Protection |
- Researchers must protect all participants from physical and mental harm during research - DEBRIEFING -> researchers should return participants to their original psychological and physical state |
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Deception |
- Researchers should not withhold information or mislead participants about the true aim of the study |
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Aim |
The specific purpose for which the psychological research is being conducted |
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Aim |
The specific purpose for which the psychological research is being conducted |
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Operationalisation of Variables |
Defining variables so that they can be accurately manipulated, measured and replicated |
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Aim |
The specific purpose for which the psychological research is being conducted |
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Operationalisation of Variables |
Defining variables so that they can be accurately manipulated, measured and replicated |
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Hypothesis |
A predictive statement about a study that can be tested by a psychologist |
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Directional Hypothesis |
When research has been done and we have a good idea of what will happen |
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Directional Hypothesis |
When research has been done and we have a good idea of what will happen |
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Non-Directional Hypothesis |
When we expect the IV to change the DV, but are not sure what will happen |
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Directional Hypothesis |
When research has been done and we have a good idea of what will happen |
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Non-Directional Hypothesis |
When we expect the IV to change the DV, but are not sure what will happen |
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Null Hypothesis |
Even when you manipulate the IV in 2 or more different levels, there is no impact on the DV |
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Experimental Effect/Bias |
When an experimenter expects and thinks, or tells the person how to act |
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Experimental Effect/Bias |
When an experimenter expects and thinks, or tells the person how to act |
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Self-Serving Bias |
Giving the socially accepting response in order to look good to everyone else |
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Validity |
- The extent to which a research instrument measures what it sets out to measure - Different types: internal, external and ecological |
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Validity |
- The extent to which a research instrument measures what it sets out to measure - Different types: internal, external and ecological |
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Sample |
- A subset of a target population that shares the characteristics of the population despite its smaller size |
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Empiricism |
- Information is gained through direct observation or experiment, rather than reasoned argument or unfounded beliefs |
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