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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Experiments 1.Lab 2.Field 3.Natural(Quasi) |
1.Lab - S-easy to replicate as standardised procedure used. S-allows precise control of EV& IV allowing cause&effect relationship to be established. W-artificial so may produce unnatural behaviour that doesn't reflect real life(LEV) W-DC or experiments effects may bias results&become confounding variables |
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2.Field- done in everyday life but experimenter still manipulates IV but in natural setting. S- behaviour more likely reflect real life as NS(HEV) S- less likelikhood of DC affecting results as p's don't know being studied occurs when study is covert. W-less control over EV that might bias results makes difficult to replicate. |
3.Natural(Quasi) S-can beused in situations which would be ethically unacceptable to manipulate Iv. S-less likelihood of DC affecting results as p's don't know being studied. W-more expensive&time consuming than lab. W-no control over EV that may bias results makes difficult for another researcher to replicate study. |
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Self Report 1.Structured interviews 2.Unstructured interviews 3.Questionnaires 4.Closed Questions 5.Open Questions |
1. Structured Interviews- questions asked in set standardised order & interviewer wont deviate from schedule. S- easy to replicate as fixed set of closed Q's used- easy to quantify meaning easy to test for reliability. S-fairly quick means many interviews can take place within short time means large sample can be obtained -results representative. W-not flexible no new q's can be asked impromptu as interview schedule must be followed. W- answers lack detail as only closed q's asked generate quan data means research wont know why person behaves way they do. |
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2. Unstructured interviews-no set Q's S- more flexiable as q's can be adapted &changed depending on respondents answers S-generates qual data through use of opne q's allowing respondent to talk in depth. W-time consuming to do &to analyse qual data. W- employing &training interviewers is expensive and not cheap. |
3. Questionnaires- written interview done by face-to-face, telephone or post. S- relatively cheap&quick way of generating large amounts of info from large sample W- respondents may lie cause social desirability. |
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4. Closed Questions S-can be economical means large amounts research data for low costs. S- data easily obtained as easy to answer so large sample be obtained should be representative. W-lack detail cause responses are fixed theres less scope for respondents to supply answer which reflects true feelings. |
5. Open Questions S-Rich Qual data obtaine as allow respondents to elaborate on answer W-time consuming to do &analyse data. W-not suitable for less educated respondents as open q's require superior writing skills. |
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Observations 1.Controlled 2. Naturalistic 3.Particpant 4. Non-participant |
1. Controlled observations S-easy to replicate means easy to test for reliability S- data obtained is easy&quick to analyse-less time consuming. W- lack validity cause of demand characteristics. |
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2.Naturalistic- studying spontaneous behaviour of p's in natural settings S-used to generate new ideas as gives researcher opportunity to study new things. S-able to study behaviour in own setting- greater ecological validity. W-less reliable as other variables can be controlled making it difficult for another researcher to repeat study. W-no manipulation of variables meaning no cause&effect relationships cant be established. |
3. Participant W- difficult to get time/privacy for recording W- if researcher too involved may lose objectivity and become bias. |
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Non-participant |
Content Analysis* Content analysis is a research tool used to indirectly observe the presence of certain words, images or concepts within the media (e.g. advertisements, books films etc.). For example, content analysis could be used to study sex-role stereotyping.
* Researchers quantify (i.e. count) and analyze (i.e. examine) the presence, meanings and relationships of words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the media, the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part. * To conduct a content analysis on any such media, the media is coded or broken down, into manageable categories on a variety of levels - word, word sense, phrase, sentence, or theme - and then examined. |
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A pilot study is an initial run-through of the procedures to be used in an investigation; it involves selecting a few people and trying out the study on them. It is possible to save time, and in some cases, money, by identifying any flaws in the procedures designed by the researcher. A pilot study can help the researcher spot any ambiguities (i.e. unusual things) or confusion in the information given to participants or problems with the task devised. Sometimes the task is too hard, and the researcher may get a floor effect, because none of the participants can score at all or can complete the task – all performances are low. The opposite effect is a ceiling effect, when the task is so easy that all achieve virtually full marks or top performances and are “hitting the ceiling”. |
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