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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is meant by the term 'hardiness'?
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Personality type that consists of high levels of the three C's
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Who proposed and described the personality type of hardiness?
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Kobasa (1979)
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What does evidence suggest about high levels of hardiness?
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Protects against negative stress effects
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The basic elements of hardiness are the three C's. What are the three C's?
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Control, commitment and challenge
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What is meant by control?
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You can influence events in your life including stressors
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What is meant by commitment?
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Individual's sense of involvement and purpose in life
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What is meant by challenge?
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Changes in life should be viewed as opportunities as opposed to sources of stress
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Kobasa devised questionnaires in order to assess the three C's, what did she find?
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People with high scores on these elements reported fewer stress-related symptoms
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Kobasa's work was mainly on male white-collar workers, what could be argued in regards to this?
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The studies lack ecological validity - culturally and gender specific
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Which studies supported Kobasa's findings?
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Kobasa et al. (1982), particularly Beasley et al. (2003)
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What did Beasley et al. (2003) do?
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Conducted research into effects of life stress in university students
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What were the findings?
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Students who scored higher on hardiness showed reduced levels of psychological distress
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According to Kobasa, what do the three C's do?
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Protect against harmful effects of stress
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Type A personalities have high levels of competiveness and are oriented towards achievement, what could be argued about this?
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Commitment and challenge are elements of hardiness therefore it could be that Type A personalities contain aspects of hardiness
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TAB is made up of factors that decrease/increase resistance to stress, what are these?
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Time pressure/hostility - decrease
Commitment/challenge - increase |
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What may this mixture of factors explain?
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Inconsistency with results from studies trying to link Type A behaviour and heart disease
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