Research Exam 1

Front 1

the empirical approach is based on?

Back 1

observation

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Is the empirical approach used in everyday living?

Back 2

Yes

Front 3

What does the question "why" establish?

Back 3

WHY you want to make observations, establishes the need for the study

Front 4

Define "hypothesis"

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the statement that indicates what results are expected

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Are samples observed often?

Back 5

Yes, very often

Front 6

When making observations, what should you think of?

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Why, whom, how and when

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What different forms can data be in?

Back 7

numbers or expressed in words

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Are treatments given in experimental research or nonexperimental research?

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Experimental, there are NO treatments given in non-experimental research

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What is the purpose of experimental research?

Back 9

to study cause and effect relationships

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Who receives the treatments?

Back 10

The experimental group receives treatments, but the control group can also receive treatments

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Which type of research is reduced to numbers, which is NOT reduced to numbers?

Back 11

Quantitative is reduced to numbers, qualitative is NOT reduced to numbers

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Are treatments given in non-experimental research?

Back 12

NO

Front 13

What does the control group get?

Back 13

The control group is often given no treatment, but sometimes they are given a "standard treatment"
**understand that the control group CAN receive a treatment**

Front 14

Is it necessary to have at least 2 groups of participants to conduct an experiment?

Back 14

YES

Front 15

What is the purpose of a non-experimental study?

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Observing participants in order to describe them as they naturally exist without experimental treatment

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Do subjects have to be assigned to a group at random for the results to be meaningful?

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NO

Front 17

A survey is a type of?

Back 17

Non-experimental study

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Multiple choice tests can be used in experimental research and non-experimental research. True or False?

Back 18

True

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According to the topic, do "experimental" or "causal-comparative" studies have more potential pitfalls when one is trying to identify cause and effect relationships?

Back 19

Causal-comparative

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Researchers look to the past for a cause in which type of study?

Back 20

Causal-comparative

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What type of research is a causal-comparative study?

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Non-experimental research

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Are treatments given in causal-comparative research?

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no

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Random assignments to studies are used in which type of research?

Back 23

Experimental

Front 24

Define "demographics"

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Background characteristics, such as socioeconomic status

Front 25

7. A researcher compared the health of low-income adolescents who had received free lunches during their elementary school years with the health of a comparable group of low-income adolescents who had not received free lunches. The purpose was to determine the effects of free lunches on health. Did the researcher conduct an “experimental” or “causal=comparative” study?

Back 25

Causal-comparative study

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What is another name for causal-comparative study?

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Ex post facto study

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What is a causal-comparative study?

Back 27

one in which we observe a current condition and look to the past to identify causes of the condition, a researcher does NOT give treatments in this study, so it is NON-EXPERIMENTAL

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A representative sample from a population is used to describe characteristics of that population in a ______?

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Survey

Front 29

The entire population is studied, rather than just a sample of the population in a ___________?

Back 29

Census

Front 30

An intensive case study of a group is called ?

Back 30

Field research or ethnographic research

Front 31

What is longitudinal research?

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When a researcher repeatedly measures the same trait over time

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What is correlational research?

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The study of the degree of relationship between two or more variables

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What is historical research?

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where researchers develop theories and hypotheses that explain historical events

Front 34

Is longitudinal research experimental or non-experimental?

Back 34

non-experimental

Front 35

If a researcher conducts a poll to estimate public support for free childcare for mothers on welfare, the researcher is conducting what type of non-experimental study?

Back 35

survey/poll

Front 36

What is the distinctive feature of quantitative research?

Back 36

Researchers gather data in a way that the data are easy to quantify, allowing for statistical analysis.

Front 37

Most published qualitative research is collected using what?

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Semi-structured interviews in which there are a list of core questions from which the interviewers may deviate as needed to obtain in-depth information.

Front 38

Adults who were taking a course to learn English as a second language were asked to name their country of origin and their number of years of formal education. How many variables were being studied?

Back 38

2, their country and their number of years of formal education

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Define variable

Back 39

a characteristic with more than one category, for example gender is a variable with 2 categories--male and female

Front 40

Variables should be mutually exclusive--what does that mean?

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That means that subjects can belong to one and only one category. Ex. male and female

Front 41

Categories should be "exhaustive"--what does that mean?

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all possibilities of categories should be included

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What is the independent variable in "causal-comparative" research?

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the presumed cause

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What is the dependent variable in "causal-comparative" research?

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the effect

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The independent variable can be called the __________?

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Stimulus

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The dependent variable can be called the ___________?

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response variable

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Researchers alter which variable?

Back 46

The independent variable, or the stimulus variable

Front 47

In non-experimental research, researchers document the ________ variable as it naturally occurs.

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Independent variable

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A directional hypothesis does what?

Back 48

predicts which group will be higher or lower

Front 49

A non directional hypothesis does what?

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Does not predict the direction of difference between the groups

Front 50

A research hypothesis predicts what?

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The outcome of the study

Front 51

What is a "research question"?

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an alternative to posing a hypothesis, it states the question which the researcher is trying to answer with the study, **it should not be stated in a way that can be answered with yest or no**

Front 52

What does a "conceptual definition" do?

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Gives you an overall idea of the topic

Front 53

What does an "operational definition" do?

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Gives details on how you might measure or assess a topic

Front 54

True or false:
An operational definition is not complete, but rather a matter of degree

Back 54

True

Front 55

What is a true experiment?

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One in which the participants are divided at RANDOM

Front 56

What is the purpose of a survey or poll?

Back 56

To describe the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a population

Front 57

A case study usually involves how many participants?

Back 57

1

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What is historical research?

Back 58

Where information is examined in order to understand the past.

Front 59

The "predictor" is another term for what variable?

Back 59

The independent variable

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The outcome variable can also be called the _______?

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Criterion

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Criterion means _________?

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Standard

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What does "physically manipulate" mean in an experimental context?

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To physically administer treatments

Front 63

What are two alternatives to stating a non-directional hypothesis?

Back 63

1. Research purpose
2. Research question

Front 64

Which type of definition indicates physical steps?

Back 64

Operational definition`

Front 65

In practice, are operational definitions ever fully operationalized?

Back 65

No

Front 66

To replicate the research of others does research need more operational or conceptual definitions?

Back 66

operational

Front 67

Is it possible for a definition to be highly operational but yet highly inadequate in other senses?

Back 67

Yes

Front 68

Do "qualitative" or "quantitative" researchers tend to rely more on published research literature when planning research?

Back 68

Quantitative

Front 69

Which method of research relies on the "inductive approach"?

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Qualitative research

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deductive approach

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from the more general to the more specific, the "top down" approach

Front 71

inductive approach

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from more specific information to a broader more generalized idea

Front 72

Which type of research tends to use smaller sample sizes?

Back 72

Qualitative research

Front 73

Which prefers more random sampling? Qualitative or Quantitative?

Back 73

Quantitative

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In which type of research do researchers have more interest in generalizing the results to populations?

Back 74

Quantitative

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Who uses the "deductive" approach more?

Back 75

Quantitative researchers

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Who uses the "inductive approach" more?

Back 76

Qualitative researchers

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how do researchers use the deductive approach specifically?

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a researcher will develop hypothesis to be tested by research, deducing from literature possible explanations to be tested, per-conceived notions based on published theory and research

Front 78

How do researchers use the inductive approach specifically?

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They gather data on the specifics in question, make per-preliminary observations, conduct formal interviews. results from the pre-liminary finding might be sued as a bias for planning additional data collections

Front 79

Supposed a researcher wants to do research on a secretive fraternity. Which type of researcher is more likely to be successful?

Back 79

Qualitative

Front 80

If little is known about a topic, which type of research is recommended for initial use?

Back 80

Qualitative

Front 81

Which type of research is more suitable for getting a quick snapshot of a problem?

Back 81

Quantitative

Front 82

Program evaluation is what type of research?

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Evaluation research

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What is applied research?

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researchers wish to apply the findings directly to such practical decisions as whether to keep funding a program or whether to modify it

Front 84

What is needs assessment?

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nonexperimental research in which researchers attempt to determine the practical needs of those who will be served by the program

Front 85

What is formative evaluation

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collecting information to see if change is needed in the program

Front 86

Unprotected/less protected speech

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- Incitement of illegal activity
- Obsencity and sexually-oriented speech
-fighting words
-defamatory speech
-untrue commercial speech

Front 87

What is a summative evaluation?

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information about final or long-term benefits of the program for its ultimate clients, comparison with a control group

Front 88

What is experimental research

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basic research which attempts to understand underlying theories that explain behavior without necessarily looking for direct/immediate applications

Front 89

If a program evaluator asks "how many children were reading at grade level by the end of this program" is this summative or formative?

Back 89

summative

Front 90

If a program director asks "are the clients in the job-placement program writing better resumes?" is this summative or formative?

Back 90

Formative

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Define theory

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unified explanation for discrete observations that might otherwise be viewed as unrelated or contradictory

Front 92

What is the most common theory?

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reinforcement theory

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What is positive reinforcement?

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Anything that increases the frequency of a response

Front 94

To deduce is?

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The hypothesis is consistent with the theory

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To induce is?

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researchers try to develop theories that explain the events they have observed

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Trends across groups

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since no theory of human behavior is universal

Front 97

What is the "grounded theory"

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a theory based on observations, it evolves with new observations

Front 98

What are the two major functions of research

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1. test hypotheses derived from an existing theory
2. provide the observations and conclusions on which researchers can induce a theory

Front 99

If a hypothesis derived from a theory is not confirmed, what implications does this have for the theory?

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Questions the theory, looks at discrepancy

Front 100

Is the grounded theory based on induction or deduction?

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Induction

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Is grounded theory more qualitative or quantitative?

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Qualitative

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What 3 things do you need if you are planning to do a research project on human subjects at OUHSC?

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1. Approval from the IRB
2. Get informed consent from the subject
3. Be evaluated by the IRB each year of ongoing research for the project to get continued approval or closure

Front 103

What are the 3 principles common to all human subject research?

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1. Respect for persons
2. Beneficence
3. Be fair in the selection of research subjects