Research

Front 1

What is validity?

Back 1

Validity is the degree that a tool measures what it is supposed to measure

Front 2

What is predictive validity?

Back 2

Predictive validity Is the precision with which a test predicts future performance on a similar activity

Front 3

What is concurrent validity?

Back 3

Concurrent validity is the extent that a new test correlates with an established test of a recognized validity.

Front 4

What is construct validity?

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Construct validity is the extent that test scores are unvarying with hypothetical constructs and impressions

Front 5

What is content validity?

Back 5

Content validity ascertains the test validity dependent on a systematic examination of all test items to establish if they sufficiently test the full range of the skill that is being assessed. It also questions whether the test measures what it claims to measure.

Front 6

What is internal validity?

Back 6

Internal validity The internal validity is the extent that the statistics in a study shows an actual cause and effect relationship. If a study has a strong internal validity it has a dependent variable that was affected only by a manipulation of the independent variable.

Front 7

What are threats to internal validity?

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Threats to internal validity include instrumentation, history, statistical regression, maturation, attrition, testing, subject selection biases and interaction of different factors. Internal validity is related to the level of control and trouble that a researcher uses in crafting and carrying out a study.

Front 8

How is instrumentation a threat to internal validity?

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Instrumentation is when problems occur with measuring tools such as mechanical and electrical instruments, pencil and paper instruments and human observers. Mechanical or electrical problems can happen if the instrument needs regular calibrating or is malfunctioning.

Front 9

How is history a threat to internal validity?

Back 9

History is when the subjects’ life events could be moderately or wholly responsible for changes recorded in the dependent variable after initiating the independent variable.

Front 10

How is statistical regression a threat to internal validity?

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statistical regression is behavior that begins at an extreme (either high or low) and then becomes in the average level. Clients in clinical research may go for treatment when their condition is at its worse. Some improvement may occur naturally as time goes on and this would be incorrectly attributed to the treatment.

Front 11

How is maturation a threat to internal validity?

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Maturation is the biological changes or other changes within a subject that have an effect on the dependent variable. It is not in the ability of the experiment to control for maturation.

Front 12

How is attrition a threat to internal validity?

Back 12

Attrition is the loss of subjects over the course of an experiment. Group design experiments are more vulnerable to the effects of attrition. Analysis of a group designs’ results are founded on group averages. It is not a problem in single subject design since if one person drops out of the study they can be replaced

Front 13

How is testing a threat to internal validity?

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Testing is when a dependent variable is effect by being tested more than once on the same thing.

Front 14

How is subject selection biases a threat to internal validity?

Back 14

Subject selection biases are the subjective aspects that can manipulate the selection of who participates in any study. An important factor of internally valid experiments is the differences between experimental and control groups on post tests are ascribed solely to the treatment.

Front 15

What is external validity?

Back 15

External Validity is the ability to generalize the test. What settings, populations, treatment variables and measurement variables can affect if it can be generalized. It is the degree of which an investigator can expand or generalize the results of the study to other subjects and situations.

Front 16

What is the difference between internal and external validity?

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Problems with internal validity in a study is the a breakdown in establishing a proper cause and effect relationship of the independent and dependent variables but external validity limits the degree that results can be generalized

Front 17

What are the factors that can be a threat to external validity?

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The factors that can affect the external validity include the Hawthorne effect, multiple treatment interference and reactive or interactive effects of pretesting.

Front 18

How is the Hawthorne effect a threat to external validity?

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Hawthorne effect is the extent that a test’s results are affected by subjects’ knowledge that they are taking part in an experiment or that they are being treated differently than usual.

Front 19

How is Multiple treatment interference a threat to external validity?

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Multiple treatment interference is when investigators assess the effect of multiple independent variables or treatments in experiments and the positive or negative effect of one treatment over the other treatments. In this case the generalization can only be subjects who get both all of the same treatments in the same manor.

Front 20

How are reactive or interactive effects of pretesting a threat to external validity?

Back 20

Reactive or interactive effects of pretesting is when a dependent variable is assessed by pretesting that may sensitizes the subjects to the treatment that improves the effect of the treatment variable. Therefore the results can not be generalized to people who have not had a similar pretest.