Research 2

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is defined as a purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of human life. It is a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and method according to the nature and conditions of the problem identified, directed toward the clarification or resolution of a problem (Almeida et al., 2016).

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Research

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stated that research is carried out for a specific purpose to answer specific questions to solve a particular problem or issue. It seeks new knowledge and provides useful information in the form of verifiable data. It contributes to the attainment of the development goals of a nation. Research is not only conducted because it is a prerequisite to obtaining a degree, but more so because it can potentially mobilize society.

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Palispis (2001) cited by Almeida et al., (2016)

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said that research is to search or examine again and again or carefully. Research is a diligent, systematic inquiry or investigation to validate and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge.

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Burns and Groves (2007)Cited by Almeida et al(2016)

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defined research as a systematic investigation or something to answer the questions posed by the researcher.

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parel(1973) cited by Almeida et al(2016)

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defined research as a discovery and exploration of the unknown. It involves an investigation of facts leading to the discovery of new ideas and new methods. It proceeds from the known to the unknown. The result is the discovery of truth.

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Sanchez(2002) Cited by almeida et al (2016)

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when it pertains to an empirical inquiry of natural phenomena including biological life

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Natural Science

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when it involves a study of human behavior and societies. It is "social" research because its primary interest is human beings, the context of his/her life, and the environment.

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Social Science

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The researcher‟s goal is to convey more precise questions that future research can answer.

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Exploratory/Formative Research

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helps ensure that a more rigorous, more conclusive future study will not begin with an insufficient understanding of the nature of the problem.

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Exploratory/formative research

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This research presents a picture of a situation, social setting, or relationship. To describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon is the major purpose of this research. It seeks to determine the answer to who, what, where, and how questions.

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Descriptive Research

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is to describe and answer the “why” question. It goes on to identify the reasons for something that occurs and builds exploratory and descriptive research. It looks for causes and reasons.

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Explanatory Research

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advances fundamental knowledge about the human world. It focuses on disproving or supporting theories that explain how this world works, what makes things happen, why social relations are a certain way, and why social change.

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Basic Research

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- is frequently descriptive research and its main strength is its immediate practical use.

should translate findings from scientific-technical language into the language of decision-makers or practitioners.

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Applied research

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is a disciplined process of inquiry conducted by and for those taking the action. It has a positive effect for many reasons and always relevant to the participants. Relevance is guaranteed because the focus of each research project is determined by the researchers, who are also the primary consumers of the findings.

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Action research -Type of applied research

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It used to estimate the consequence of a planned change.

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Impact assessment Research -Type of applied research

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The process of establishing value judgment based on evidence about the achievement of the goal at a proper time.

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Evaluation Research

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is built-in monitoring or continuous feedback on a program used for program management.

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Formative one of the two types of Evaluation research

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evaluation looks at the final program outcomes.

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The summative one of the two types of evaluation research

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Time dimention in Research by Almeida Et al

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Cross-Sectional Research

Longitudinal Research

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Researchers observe at one in time. It is usually the simplest and least costly alternative. Its disadvantage is that it cannot capture the change process. It can be exploratory or descriptive but is most consistent in the descriptive approach.

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Cross-Sectional Research

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This research captures features of people or another unit at more than one time. It is usually more complex and costly than cross-sectional research but is also more powerful, especially when the researchers such as the answer to questions about change.

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Longitudinal Research

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researchers should avoid harming participants.

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Non-Maleficence

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research on human subjects should produce some positive and identifiable benefit rather than simply be carried out for its own sake.

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Beneficence

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research participants‟ value and decisions should be respected.

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autonomy

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all people should be treated equally.

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Justice

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They must act professionally in the pursuit of truth and should be committed to discovering and reporting this as honesty as possible

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Integrity

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must be avoided. The researcher must not be influenced by other considerations except only of what is the truth of the matter.

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Deception or mispresentqtion

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is a principle that is fundamental to the notion of human rights (Denscombe, 2002). This means that it is absolutely necessary to seek the voluntary consent of the human subject

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Informed consent

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The researcher should take measures to uphold the confidentiality of the information and ensure the non-disclosure of the identities of those participating in the research.

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privacy confidentiality and anonymity

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serves to uphold the law that protects the confidentiality of individuals. In research, information that is given by the participants to the researcher during the gathering of data should be treated as confidential.

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confidentiality

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it must be refutable. It must be possible to obtain research results that are contrary to the prediction

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refutable

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is a statement about the populations being examined that always states that there is no effect, no change, or no relationship

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The null hypothesis

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is the basic structure that serves as a mental window of the researcher because it depicts the research design and the relationships of the variables involved.

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the conceptual Framework

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is the structure showing the research design and methodology or the entire process of research using a theory or theories for developing a hypothesis or testing another one or more theories intended learning outcomes.

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Theoretical Framework

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The word “_____” is a conceptual invention that is used to describe, explain, predict, or understand a certain phenomenon

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theory

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is a plan, structure, and strategy of an investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research questions or problems.

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Research design

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It is commonly used in the social sciences which aim is to find out the prevalence of a phenomenon or problem by taking a cross-section of the population. T

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Cross-Sectional studies

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- This design can measure the change in a situation, phenomenon, issue, problem, or attitude.

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The before and after design (also known as the pre-test / post-test design)

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This is useful to determine the pattern of the extent of change in a phenomenon, situation, problem, or attitude in relation to time.

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The longitudinal study design

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is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study.

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A hypothesis

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usually founded on established theories or developed from the results of previous research. Specifically, a good hypothesis should have two logical conclusions of a logical argument.

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logical

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it must be tested. That is, it must be possible to observe and measure all the variables involved. The hypothesis must involve real situations, real events, and real individuals. You cannot test a hypothesis that refers to imaginary terms or hypothetical situations

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testable