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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 4 water soluble hormones, and where they are released and what are they made up of
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Gonadotrophin releasing hormone -Hypothalamus
FSH - Anterior Pituitary LH - Anterior pituitary Oxytocin - posterior pituitary Proteins and peptides |
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What are 3 lipid soluble proteins, where are they released and what are they made up of
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Androgens - testes
Oestrogens - ovaries Progestagens - ovaries steriods |
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2 Andgrogems
3 Oestrogens 1 Progestagen |
5alpha dihydrotestosterone, testosterone
Oestrodiol, Oestrone, Oestriol Progesterone |
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Oxytocin
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Smooth muscle contraction
-milk ejection, uterus contraction Due to nipple stimulation or uterine distension |
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Two main ways for hormone regulation
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Negative and positive feed back loops
Pulsatile release |
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Pulsatile release`
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Hormones are released in discrete bursts to prevent receptor desensitization and down rehgulation
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Negative feedback
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Signalling between the gonads, hypothalamus and pituitary inform the system when enough hormone is being produced -> stop making more
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Androgens main job
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development and maintenance of male characteristics and fertility
- sex development - spermatogenesis - muscle development - Sexual behaviour |
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Oestrongens main jobs
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development and maintenance of female characteristics and fertility
- sexual development - endometrial growth - menstrual cycle - bone growth |
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Progestagens
- Who - What produces - What for |
Exclusive to females
Major hormone of corpus luteum and placenta Prepares and maintains pregancy |
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FSH stimulates ________ (male and female)
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Female - growth of ovarian follicles
Male - growth of spermazoa |
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LH stimulates ________ (male and female)
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Female - secretion of female sex hormones
Male - production of testosterone |
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Which is the weakest oestrogen? Where is it produced?
Which oestrogen is produced by the placenta? |
Oestrone - adipose tissue
Oestriol |
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Vagina
Description Function (3) |
7.5-9 cm eleastic muscular tube makingup the lower part of birth canal
- elimination of menstrual fluids, receives the penis, holds sperm before they enter uterus |
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Uterus
Description Function |
Pear shaped organ, 30-40g
Pathway for sperm, source of menstrual flow, provides protection and support for growing baby |
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3 layers of the uterine wall
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Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium (m for middle, peri for outside)
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2 zones of the endometrium and purpose
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Inner functional zone - stratium functionalis - most glands
Outer basilar zone - stratium basalis - attaches myometrium to endometrium |
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Where does fertilisation occur
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In the ampulla of the ovarian tube
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How is the uterine tube suited for fertilisation (3 points)
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-Nutritive environment - lipids and glycogens
-Cilliated and secretory epithelium for movement of oocyte and sperm -Smooth muscle - perstaltic contractions |
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What are the 3 regions to the ovary, what do they contain
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the Outer Ovarian cortex - ovarian follicles
Central ovarian medulla - ovarian stroma and steroid producing cells Inner hilum - entry for nerves and blood vessels |
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How do you measure the fundal height?
What does the number of cm mean? what 3 things can increase this? |
Top of uterus to pubic bone
Number of weeks gestation breech baby, gestational diabetes or twins |
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What occurs during ovulation
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Due to increase in follicular size and position, follicle bulges from ovarian surface then ruptures it.
Oocyte and surrounding cumulus cell released, collected on fimbrae and moved to uterine tube |
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How is the corpus luteum formed?
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Once the oocyte is released, the antrum and basement membrane breakdown.
Blood vessels invade and remaining granulosa cells form large, yellow lutein cells which produce progestagen. |
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What is the corpus albicans and what happens to it?
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White scar tissue
Re absorbed into stromal tissue |
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What happend to the corpus leteum after fertilisation? What if no fertilisation?
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it is maintained by human chorionic gonadotrophin produced by the chorion of the embryo so it can continue producing progestagen.
If no fertilisation occurs, it will degrade after 2 weeks. |
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What stages make up the ovarian cycle? Day days are these?
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2 stages
Follicular phase (day1-ovulation) Luteal phase (ovulation to menstruation) |
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What are the 3 endometrial stages
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Menstrual, proliferation, secretory
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How long is the luteal phase
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14 days
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What occurs when a high level of Oestradiol is exceeded for ~36 hours?
When does this occur? |
A temporary switch from negative feedback to positive, inducing an increase in LH from the pituitary and GnRH from the hypothalamus.
Around day 12 |
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What leads to increased follicular growth?
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And increase in FSH due to a decrease in progesterone and Oestrogens
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What occurs around day 6 or 7? what dies this lead to?
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selection of dominant follicle, increased oestrogen
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What induces ovulation
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A surge of LH
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What do elevated progesterone levels inhibit?
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GnRH therefore a decrease in LH and FSH
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What do the testie consist of and what do they produce? What do these do?
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sertoli cells - produce AMH which leads to mullirian duct regression
Leydig cells - produce testosterone which leads to wolfian duct development and internal male genitals |
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What are the internal male genitals (3)
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Van deferens
Epididymus Seminal vesicles |
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What are the internal female genitals
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Ovarian tubes
Uterus Cervix Upper vagina |
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How does female internal genital development occur>=?
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Ovaries produce oestrogens and Progestagens.
Absence of testosterone and AMH -> Mullarian duct development and Wolfian duct regression. ->Female internal genital development |
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Explain male external genitalia in terms of the glans area, urethral folds and labioscrotal swellings
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Glans are swells to form the head of the penis
The urethral folds fuse to form the shaft of the penis The Labioscrotal swellings fuse to form the scrotum |
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Explain female external genitalia in terms of the glans area, urethral folds and labioscrotal swellings
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Grans area forms the clitoris
The urethral folds and labioscrotal swelling remain separate to form the labia majora and minora |
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What is puberty
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The physical, emothional and sexual transition for childhood to adulthood
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What is the first sign of puberty.
How does this change between early and late puberty |
Increase in plasma LH levels as the result of GnRH release
Early - LH and FSH secretion occurs at night Late - LH pulses during day time too |
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In what order are the female tanner stages
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Breast development
Pubic hair development Height spurt Menarche |
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In what order are the male tanner stages
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Testicular development
Pubic hair development Spermache (abillity to produce sperm) Height spurt |
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When does the ovary stop producing hormones? what is this called
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~1 year post menopause
Ovarian Senescence |
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After menopause, to what fraction of original levels does oestogen drop to?
What type and where is the majority is this coming from? |
1/10
Oestrone, stromal cells of adipose tissue |
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When do females have the largest number of follicles? how many?
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Just before birth (about 10^6)
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What are the 5 stages of menopause (some overlap)
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Premenopause
Menopausal transition Postmenopause Perimenopause Ovariam Senesence |
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What are the 4 main symptoms of menopause, what do they cause.
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Vasomotor - night sweats, hot flushes
Genitourinary - dryness, atrophic changes Bone metabolism - oeseoporosis Behavioural/phycological - depression, tension etc, loss of libido |
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What can reduce menopause symptoms?
However, what can this lead to? |
Hormone replacement therapy
Increased cancer risk |
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What is the process by which LH and FSH are secreted in males?
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The hypothalamus releases GnRH which moves to the anterior pituitary and stimulates the release of LH and FSH
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What does LH do in males?
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Binds to Leydig cells, stimulating the secretion of testosterone into the interstial fluid and blood
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What are the two ways the testosterone contributes to regulation?
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Testosterone secreted by leydig cells provides negative feed back via the bloodstream to both the hypothalamum and anterior pituitary - decreasing the release of GnRH and LH.
It also works with FSH to produce androgen Binding protein from the sertoli cells - when there is enough tesoserone the sertoli cells release inhibin which down regulates FSH secretion at the pituitary, |
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What is testosterone and 5alpha-testosterone responsible for (apart from spermatogenesis)
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Male pattern development before birth
Male secondary sexual characteristics Aggression, baldness, libedo.... |
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3 types of male infertility and what they mean
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Oligospermia - reduceed sperm count (<20mil/ml)
Azoospermia - no sperm Immotile sperm - sperm cant swim |
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Explain IVF
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In vitro fertilisation
Oocytes are harvested in a petri dish and 50,000 motile sperm per egg added. |
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Explain ICSI including its benefits over IVF
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
A single sperm is injected directly into oocyte. Does not need to be motile Therefores sperm can be harvested directly from testes. |
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What is the progression of sperm through the teste
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Seminiferous tubule
Rete testis Epididymus Vans deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra |
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Where do sperm gain the ability to swim? how long does this take? What also occurs here?
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in the epididimis, 10-14 days
Excess liquid is removed from around sperm to make them 100x more concentrated by the time they reach the epididimus tail |
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How long can sperm be stored in the vans deferens?
How long is the vans deferens? what feature of it allows for more storage? |
Several months
~45cm A widening called the ampulla of the vans deferens |
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What is the term for when the testes fail to descend
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Cryptochidism
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What does seminal vesicle fluid contain and why?
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C-FAP
Clotting proteins - coagulent to hold sperm in vagina Fructose - for sperm energy Alkaline - basic Prostaglandins - causes smooth muscle contractions to help sperm move through the uterus |
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What does prostatic fluid contain and why (last one only)?
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C-CaPP
Citrate - acidic Phosphate Calcium Prostate specific antigen - breaks down coagulent in ~10 minutes to allow fertilisation |
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What percentages make up the semenal ejaculation?
What is its pH? |
60% Seminal vesicle fluid
30% Prostatic fluid 10% Sperm Small% other pH = 7.5 |
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What is the volume of human ejaculate?
How many sperm per ml? |
2-5ml
20million |
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What are the three parts of the penis we discuss
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The corpora cavernosa, the corpus spongiosum and the penile urethra
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What causes an erection
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Nitric oxide and prostaglandins E1 released in response to sexual stimulation cause the smooth muscle to relax, allowing 8x as much blood as normal to fill the cavernous spaces of the corpora cavernosa.
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How does Viagra work?
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Guanine monophosphate normally acts as a second messanger to reduce intracellular calcium levels and cause smooth muscle relaxation.
Phosphodiesterase inhibits GMP. Viagra inhibits Phosphdiesterase thus allowing relaxation |
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What is benign prostatic hyperplasia, what does it result in?
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Excess growth of the prostate occluding the urethra
Difficulty emptying the bladder ->bladder weakening, infection and kidney problems |
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What are the treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia
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5alpha reductase inhibitors
Surgery |
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How do 5alpha reductase inhibitors help treat benign prostatic hyperplasia?
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5a reductase inhibitors prevent the production of 5a testosterone which can shrink the prostate
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What percent of male cancers is prostate?
It is the __ most common male cancer |
29%
2nd |
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How many men with prostate cancer dont even know that have it?
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2/3
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What screening detects prostate cancer?
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Prostate specific antigen screening
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What can treat prostate cancer?
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5a reductase inhibitors
Castration Androgen synthesis inhibition Surgery |
