Reproduction

Front 1

Mitosis

Back 1

Cell's DNA divided to form two daughter cells that identical to the parent.

Front 2

Interphase

Back 2

Chromosomes are replicated, so a copy can be given to daughter cells.

DNA is uncoiled and called chromatin.

Individual chromosomes not visible.

Front 3

Prophase

Back 3

1. Chromosomes condense.

2. Centrioles seperate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

3. Nuclear membrane disslves.

4. Spindle fibers interact with chromosome.

Front 4

Metaphase

Back 4

1. Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid, and chromosomes align at center of cell.

2. That is the metaphase plate.

Front 5

Anaphase

Back 5

1. Centromeres split; sister chromotids seperate.

2. They are pulled to opposite ends of cell.

Front 6

Telophase

Back 6

1. Spindle appartus disappears.

2. Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes (2n chrom)

3. Chrom uncoil

Front 7

Cytokinesis

Back 7

Cytoplasm divides into two cells. Cleavage furrom forms, spliting the cell into two.

Front 8

Meiosis

Back 8

Sexual reproduction. It produces a haploid number of chromosomes (n). Four haploid cells form (gametes)

Front 9

First meiotic division produces:

Back 9

1. Two intermediate daughter cells

2. They have n chromosomes

3. Sister chromatids

Front 10

Prophase I

Back 10

1. Chromatin condense to chromosomes.

2. Homologus chromosomes (chrom that code for same traits, from dif parents) come together and intertwine at a point called the synapsis.

3. Sometimes chromatids of homologus chrom break and exchange DNA, this causes genetic variation.

Front 11

Metaphase I

Back 11

Homologus pairs (tetrads) line up in center of cell, and its kinetochore is attached to the spindle fiber.

Front 12

Anaphase I

Back 12

1. Homologous pairs seperate.

Front 13

Telophase I

Back 13

Nuclear membrane forms around each set of sister chromatids.

Front 14

Second meiotic division

Back 14

Very similar to mitosis

The new cells have a haploid number of chromosomes.

In women, only one (of the two) daughter cells become a functional gamete.

Front 15

Asexual Reproductive Mechanisms

Back 15

1. Fission - DNA replicates, new cell wall and membrane grow with equal amounts of cytoplams. (bacteria, amoebae)

2. Budding - replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis. New cell is smaller in size but genetically identical. (yeast)

3. Regeneration - Regrowth of lost of injured body part.

4. Parhenogenesis - development of unfertilized egg into adult. (In bees, males come from unfertilized egg and female come from fertilized).

Front 16

Spermatogenesis

Back 16

1. Occurs in seminiferous tubules.

2. Diploid spermatogonia produce four haploid sperm of equal size.

Front 17

Oogenesis

Back 17

1. Occurs in ovaries

2. One diploid primary female sex cell produces a sinlge mature egg.

Each meiotic divison produces a polar body, which is a small cell that only has a nucleus. These degenerate.

Front 18

Male reproductive physiology

Back 18

1. Testes are found in the scrotum.

2. Sperm go through the vas deferens from the testes, to the ejaculatory duct.

3. They go to the urethra next which leads out of the penis.

Front 19

Primary spermatocytes

Back 19

Two diploid cells formed from sprematogenia.


They go through the first meiotic division to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes.

The second meiotic division produces four haploid spermatids.

The spermatids undergochanges to form mature sperm, spermatozoa.

Front 20

Female reproductive system

Back 20

1. There are thousands of follicles (sac of cells that contain immature ovum) inside of the ovaries.

2. The follicle cells produce estrogen.

3. When the ovum is released once a month, it goes into the abdominal cavity and into the oviduct (fallopian tubes).

4. It then goes into the uterus.

5. The cervix connects the vaginal canal.

Front 21

Primary oocytes

Back 21

Immature ovum, all present at birth.

After meiosis I, two daughter cells of unequal size are produced: secondary oocyte and a polar body (degenerated).

Meiosis II occurs at fertilization, and at the end of this a mature ovum and another polar body form. The mature body is the only thing that grows.

Front 22

Female sex hormones

Back 22

1. Estrogens - Stimulate the development of female reproductive tract and contribut to the development of secondary sex characteristics and sex drive. (secreted by ovarian follicles and corpus luteum)

Progesterone - Stimulates the development and maintenance of the endometrial walls in prep for implantation (secreted by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of menstration).

Front 23

Different phases of menstrual cycle

Back 23

1. follicular phase

2. ovulation

3. luteal phase

4. menstration

Front 24

Follicular phase

Back 24

1. Menstrual flow ends.

2. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) promotes development of follicle.

Front 25

Ovulation

Back 25

1. A mature ovarian follicle bursts and an ovum is released.

2. Caused by LH (luteinizing hormone) that is preceded by a peak in estrogen levels.

3. During menopause, ovaries are less sensitize to FSH and LH (which stimulate follicle development).

Front 26

Luteal phase

Back 26

1. Progesterone causes glands of endometrium to mature and prepare for implantation of embyro.

Front 27

Menstration

Back 27

1. When ovum does not fertilize, the corpus luteum atrophies.

2. Drop in progesterone and estrogen, which gives rise to menstral flow. (menses).