Reproduction 05 - Male Reproductive System (Histo)

Front 1

What are the 4 organs/structures of the male reproductive system?

Back 1

1) Testis
2) Genital ducts
3) Accessory glands
4) Penis

Front 2

What is the tunica vaginalis?

Back 2

Double layer covering the testis.

Front 3

What is the tunica albuginea?

Back 3

The covering just beneath the tunica vaginalis.

Front 4

What is the mediastinum testis?

Back 4

Thickening structure at the posterior surface. Rete testis are located here.

Front 5

What 4 components of the duct system are intratesticular?

Back 5

1) Seminiferous tubules
2) Tubuli recti
3) Rete testis
4) Efferent ducts

Front 6

What structures are found within the seminiferous tubules?

Back 6

Sertoli cells, spermatogonia --> primary spermatocytes --> spermatids --> spermatozoa.
Small amount of myoid cells (smooth muscle).

Front 7

What is the tubuli recti?

Back 7

Straight tubules located immediately after the seminiferous tubules and just before the rete testes.

Front 8

What is the rete testes?

Back 8

Tubules just after tubuli recti, between seminiferous tubules and epididymus, in the posterior mediastinum.

Front 9

What testicular fluid is secreted from the rete testes?

Back 9

Steroids, proteins, androgen binding proteins.

Front 10

What is the efferent duct?

Back 10

Connection between the rete testes and the epididymus that contain cilia to propel immature sperm toward the epididymus.

Front 11

What are the three components of the extratesticular duct system?

Back 11

1) Epididymus
2) Ductus (vas) deferens
3) Urethra

Front 12

What is the (ductus) epididymus?

Back 12

Mature sperm are stored and gain motility. Non-motile ciliated exist called stereocilia. Smooth muscle for sperm movement.

Front 13

What is the ductus (vas) deferens?

Back 13

Straight tube with stereocilia containing lots of muscle for sperm ejaculation.

Front 14

What are the three muscle layers of the ductus (vas) deferens?

Back 14

1) Inner longitudinal
2) Middle circular
3) Outer longitudinal
*Key landmark for vas deferens.

Front 15

What is the ampulla?

Back 15

Thickening of the vas deferens just before the prostrate, after which the ductus deferens becomes the seminal vesicle.

Front 16

What are the ejaculatory ducts?

Back 16

Component of the vas deferens in the prostate gland that will soon become the urethra.

Front 17

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

Back 17

1) Spermatocytogenesis
2) Meiosis
3) Spermatogenesis

Front 18

What occurs in spermatocytogenesis?

Back 18

Type A spermatogonia embedded in the basal lamina differentiate into type B spermatogonia, which will become primary spermatocytes.

Front 19

What occurs in the first meiotic division?

Back 19

Primary spermatocytes (4n) become secondary spermatocytes (2n), exchanging genetic material.

Front 20

What occurs in the secondary meiotic division?

Back 20

Secondary spermatocytes (2n) become spermatids (n).

Front 21

What spermatozoa precursors divide by mitosis?

Back 21

Spermatogonia A and B.

Front 22

Which spermatozoa precursors divide in the first meiotic division?

Back 22

Primary spermatocytes.

Front 23

Which spermatozoa precursors divide in the second meiotic division?

Back 23

Secondary spermatocytes.

Front 24

What do cohesins do?

Back 24

Bind maternal chromatids to paternal chromatids.

Front 25

What does separase do?

Back 25

Degrades cohesin to allow chromatid separation during meiosis.

Front 26

What is spermiogenesis?

Back 26

Differentiation of spermatids to spermatozoa (detachment from sertoli cells).

Front 27

What are the 3 phases of spermiogenesis?

Back 27

1) Golgi phase
2) Acrosomal phase
3) Maturation phase

Front 28

What is the Golgi phase?

Back 28

First stage of spermiogenesis where acrosomal granules and vesicles begin to form, along with the flagellum.

Front 29

What is the Acrosomal phase?

Back 29

Second stage of spermiogenesis where the acrosomal cap forms, containing hydrolytic enzymes.

Front 30

What hydrolytic enzymes are found in the acrosomal cap?

Back 30

Hyaluronidase, neuramidase, acid phosphatase, protease.

Front 31

What is the maturation phase?

Back 31

Third stage of spermiogenesis where spermatozoa is released from the sertoli cell.

Front 32

What are the 2 types of cells in the testis?

Back 32

1) Sertoli cells
2) Leydig (interstitial) cells

Front 33

What are the 4 functions of Sertoli cells?

Back 33

1) Physical support for developing germ cells.
2) Protection by tight junctions forming the blood-testis barrier. Primary spermatocytes would be considered foreign and attacked by immune system without this.
3) Provide nutrients to stem cells.
4) Phagocytosis of residual cytoplasm.

Front 34

Name the 4 hormone and associated components of the Sertoli cells.

Back 34

1) Activin
2) Inhibin
3) Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
4) Aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol, which goes to the circulation and Leydig cells

Front 35

Where are Leydig (interstitial) cells located?

Back 35

Just outside the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.

Front 36

What do Leydig cells do?

Back 36

Synthesize testosterone from cholesterol, relaying it to the blood stream or through Sertoli cells and lumen of seminiferous tubules.

Front 37

Describe the pathway of testosterone synthesis.

Back 37

1) Acetate is converted to cholesterol in SER.
2) Cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone in mitochondria.
3) Pregnenolone is converted to testosterone in SER.

Front 38

What hormones are involved in regulation of the testes?

Back 38

1) GnRH from hypothalamus
2) FSH/LH from anterior pituitary
3) ABP, ABP-testosterone, and inhibin from Sertoli cells
4) Testosterone from Leydig cells.

Front 39

What are the 3 accessory glands in the male reproductive system?

Back 39

1) Seminal vesicles
2) Prostate gland
3) Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland.

Front 40

What are seminal vesicles?

Back 40

Gland that secretes spermatozoa-activating substances (fructose, prostaglandins, citrate, inositol).

Front 41

What is the prostate gland?

Back 41

Gland that synthesizes and stores alkaline prostatic fluid. The gland contains prostatic concretions, or dense hardening bodies indicative of prostate glands.

Front 42

What is the bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland?

Back 42

Gland within the prostate that secretes lubrication.

Front 43

Name the erectile tissue of the penis.

Back 43

1) 2 dorsal corpora cavernosa
2) ventral corpus spongiosum

Front 44

What components are found within the dorsal corpora cavernosa?

Back 44

Central arteries, which give rise to the Helicine arteries and nutrient branches.

Front 45

How does the penis achieve erection?

Back 45

Parasympathetic nerve activates blood flow into the Helicine arteries and sinusoids of the erectile tissue, causing erection.

Front 46

What are the glands of Littre, and where are they located?

Back 46

Mucous secreting glands in the penile urethra of the ventral corpus spongiosum which secretes mucous into the penile urethral.