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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 organs/structures of the male reproductive system?
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1) Testis
2) Genital ducts 3) Accessory glands 4) Penis |
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What is the tunica vaginalis?
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Double layer covering the testis.
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What is the tunica albuginea?
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The covering just beneath the tunica vaginalis.
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What is the mediastinum testis?
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Thickening structure at the posterior surface. Rete testis are located here.
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What 4 components of the duct system are intratesticular?
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1) Seminiferous tubules
2) Tubuli recti 3) Rete testis 4) Efferent ducts |
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What structures are found within the seminiferous tubules?
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Sertoli cells, spermatogonia --> primary spermatocytes --> spermatids --> spermatozoa.
Small amount of myoid cells (smooth muscle). |
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What is the tubuli recti?
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Straight tubules located immediately after the seminiferous tubules and just before the rete testes.
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What is the rete testes?
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Tubules just after tubuli recti, between seminiferous tubules and epididymus, in the posterior mediastinum.
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What testicular fluid is secreted from the rete testes?
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Steroids, proteins, androgen binding proteins.
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What is the efferent duct?
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Connection between the rete testes and the epididymus that contain cilia to propel immature sperm toward the epididymus.
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What are the three components of the extratesticular duct system?
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1) Epididymus
2) Ductus (vas) deferens 3) Urethra |
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What is the (ductus) epididymus?
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Mature sperm are stored and gain motility. Non-motile ciliated exist called stereocilia. Smooth muscle for sperm movement.
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What is the ductus (vas) deferens?
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Straight tube with stereocilia containing lots of muscle for sperm ejaculation.
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What are the three muscle layers of the ductus (vas) deferens?
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1) Inner longitudinal
2) Middle circular 3) Outer longitudinal *Key landmark for vas deferens. |
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What is the ampulla?
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Thickening of the vas deferens just before the prostrate, after which the ductus deferens becomes the seminal vesicle.
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What are the ejaculatory ducts?
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Component of the vas deferens in the prostate gland that will soon become the urethra.
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What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?
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1) Spermatocytogenesis
2) Meiosis 3) Spermatogenesis |
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What occurs in spermatocytogenesis?
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Type A spermatogonia embedded in the basal lamina differentiate into type B spermatogonia, which will become primary spermatocytes.
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What occurs in the first meiotic division?
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Primary spermatocytes (4n) become secondary spermatocytes (2n), exchanging genetic material.
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What occurs in the secondary meiotic division?
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Secondary spermatocytes (2n) become spermatids (n).
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What spermatozoa precursors divide by mitosis?
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Spermatogonia A and B.
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Which spermatozoa precursors divide in the first meiotic division?
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Primary spermatocytes.
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Which spermatozoa precursors divide in the second meiotic division?
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Secondary spermatocytes.
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What do cohesins do?
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Bind maternal chromatids to paternal chromatids.
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What does separase do?
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Degrades cohesin to allow chromatid separation during meiosis.
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What is spermiogenesis?
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Differentiation of spermatids to spermatozoa (detachment from sertoli cells).
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What are the 3 phases of spermiogenesis?
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1) Golgi phase
2) Acrosomal phase 3) Maturation phase |
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What is the Golgi phase?
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First stage of spermiogenesis where acrosomal granules and vesicles begin to form, along with the flagellum.
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What is the Acrosomal phase?
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Second stage of spermiogenesis where the acrosomal cap forms, containing hydrolytic enzymes.
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What hydrolytic enzymes are found in the acrosomal cap?
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Hyaluronidase, neuramidase, acid phosphatase, protease.
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What is the maturation phase?
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Third stage of spermiogenesis where spermatozoa is released from the sertoli cell.
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What are the 2 types of cells in the testis?
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1) Sertoli cells
2) Leydig (interstitial) cells |
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What are the 4 functions of Sertoli cells?
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1) Physical support for developing germ cells.
2) Protection by tight junctions forming the blood-testis barrier. Primary spermatocytes would be considered foreign and attacked by immune system without this. 3) Provide nutrients to stem cells. 4) Phagocytosis of residual cytoplasm. |
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Name the 4 hormone and associated components of the Sertoli cells.
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1) Activin
2) Inhibin 3) Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) 4) Aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol, which goes to the circulation and Leydig cells |
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Where are Leydig (interstitial) cells located?
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Just outside the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
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What do Leydig cells do?
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Synthesize testosterone from cholesterol, relaying it to the blood stream or through Sertoli cells and lumen of seminiferous tubules.
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Describe the pathway of testosterone synthesis.
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1) Acetate is converted to cholesterol in SER.
2) Cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone in mitochondria. 3) Pregnenolone is converted to testosterone in SER. |
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What hormones are involved in regulation of the testes?
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1) GnRH from hypothalamus
2) FSH/LH from anterior pituitary 3) ABP, ABP-testosterone, and inhibin from Sertoli cells 4) Testosterone from Leydig cells. |
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What are the 3 accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
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1) Seminal vesicles
2) Prostate gland 3) Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland. |
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What are seminal vesicles?
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Gland that secretes spermatozoa-activating substances (fructose, prostaglandins, citrate, inositol).
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What is the prostate gland?
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Gland that synthesizes and stores alkaline prostatic fluid. The gland contains prostatic concretions, or dense hardening bodies indicative of prostate glands.
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What is the bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland?
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Gland within the prostate that secretes lubrication.
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Name the erectile tissue of the penis.
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1) 2 dorsal corpora cavernosa
2) ventral corpus spongiosum |
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What components are found within the dorsal corpora cavernosa?
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Central arteries, which give rise to the Helicine arteries and nutrient branches.
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How does the penis achieve erection?
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Parasympathetic nerve activates blood flow into the Helicine arteries and sinusoids of the erectile tissue, causing erection.
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What are the glands of Littre, and where are they located?
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Mucous secreting glands in the penile urethra of the ventral corpus spongiosum which secretes mucous into the penile urethral.
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