Reproduction

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Asexual reproduction

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Is reproduction by a single organism without production of gametes. It usually results in the production of genetically identical offspring.

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Sexual reproduction

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Is the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote which develops into a new organism. It leads to genetic variation

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Speciation

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Is the eventual formation of new species

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Fission

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Is the division of the cell into two or more daughter cells identical to the parent cell

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Budding

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When a new individual is produced as an outgrowth (bud) of the parent, and is later released as an independent, identical copy of the parent.

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Testes (singular testis)

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Site where the male gametes, or sperm, are made. They also produce male sex hormone testosterone

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Scrotal sac

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Where the sperm develop at a temperature at 2-3 degrees Celsius . This is the optimum temperature for the sperm production.

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Seminiferous tubule

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The walls of the tubules produce the sperm by a process called spermatogeneosis. Leydig cells also known as interstitial cells between the tubules produce a male sex hormone testosterone.

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Vasa efferentia ( singular vas efferens )

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collects sperm from inside the testis and transfer them to the epididymis.

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Vas deferens ( plural vasa defrentia )

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A straight tube which carries sperm to the urethra. Most of the sperm are stored in the vas deferens.

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Urethra

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This tube carries urine from the bladder as well as sperm from the vas defrentia, through the penis.

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Penis

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Contains erectile tissue. When the male is sexually excited this tissue fills with blood causing the penis to become erect. During sexual intercourse the erect penis is inserted into the vagina of the female before ejaculation of the semen.

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Seminal vesicles

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Secretes mucus and a watery alkaline fluid that contains nutrients, including the sugar fructose which is the energy source for the sperm. Each seminal vesicle empties it's contents into the ejaculatory duct during the process of ejaculation of sperm, adding volume of the semen. Further chemicals in fluid may help sperm to penetrate the lining of the uterus and Fallopian tubes which help to carry the sperm towards the ovaries.

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Prostate gland

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Secretes mucus and a slightly alkaline fluid which is released during ejaculation and helps to neutralize the acidity of the vagina, making the sperm more active.

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Cowper's gland

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Secretes mucus and an alkaline fluid into the urethra. The alkaline fluid neutralizes the acidity of any remaining urine.

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Epididymis

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Chemicals produced by the lining of the tube is essential for the maturation of the sperm.

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Vegetative propagation

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When a bud grows and develop into a new plant. Eventually the new plant becomes detached from the parent plant and starts to lead an independent existence.

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Perennation

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Is the ability of organisms to serve one germinating season to another especially under unfavorable conditions like drought

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Genetic variation

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Is the variation of DNA sequence in each of our genomes.

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Gene flow

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Is movement of genes from one population to another.