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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Male reproduction |
Testes produce sperm Secreted sex hormones produce testosterone Puberty (where reproduction is possible), male is able to produce and ejaculate semen |
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Male onset of puberty |
Hypothalamus produces GnRH GnRH stimulates FSH in the anterior pituitary which then stimulates sperm production in seminiferous tubules |
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GnRH |
Gonadotropin releasing hormone |
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FSH |
Follicle (sperm) stimulating hormone |
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LH |
Luteinizing hormone, stimulates testosterone production in interstitial cells |
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Prepuce (foreskin) |
Serves as protective |
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Glans (male) |
Expanded tip of the penis |
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Corpus cavernosa (male) |
Erectile tissue, fills with blood producing an erection |
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Corpus spongiosa (male) |
Soft erectile tissue |
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Urethra (in male) |
Carries sperm and urine (never at the same time) |
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Penile function |
Erection is produced by trapping of blood in corpus cavernosa in response to stimulated nervous system |
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Prostate gland (male) * |
Produces buffer to protect sperm from acidic vagina |
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Vas deferens (male) |
Tube that carries sperm from testes to urethra |
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Seminal vesicle (male)* |
Sacs under bladder secrete fructose prostaglandins (helps sperm move up uterus) |
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Ejaculatory duct |
Connects vas deferens to urethra |
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Cowper’s gland (male)* |
Secretes clear, salty mucous for lubrication and neutralizes acidic male urethra |
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Epididymis (male) |
Coiled tube attached to outer edge of testis, where sperm complete development |
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Seminiferous tubules (male) |
Site of sperm production |
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Scrotum (male) |
Sacs that contains testis, made of elastic skin, temperature regulation |
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Spermatogenesis |
Production of sperm (puberty-death) Occurs in the seminiferous tubules, as maturation continues, sperm cells move to lumen, then to epididymis for final maturation Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules nourish the sperm as they mature Sperm production is stimulated by FSH & testosterone Starts in testes, ends In epididymis |
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Female reproduction |
Reproductive organs (ovaries) produce ova (eggs) Secretion of sex hormones from ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone Puberty (where females are able to release eggs) |
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Female onset of puberty |
Hypothalamus produces GnRH Anterior pituitary produces FSH (stimulates follicle in ovary) and LH (stimulates follicle release and formation of corpus luteum) |
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Labia (female) |
Protective flaps of skin on either side of vaginal opening, majora and minora |
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Clitoris (female) |
Packed with sensory nerves |
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Vagina |
Connects the uterus with outside world (sperm deposition, birth canal, protection from bacterial invasion) |
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Cervix (female) |
Muscular band that prevents fetus from delivering prematurely (dilated at birth) |
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Uterus (womb) |
Pear shaped, where fertilized ovum embeds in endometrium (lining) |
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Ovary |
Store and produce eggs, generally one mature ovum is produced monthly |
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Oviduct (Fallopian tubes) |
Carrying mature ova to uterus, usually site if fertilization. Ova swept in by fimbria at open ends |
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Oogenesis (female) |
Girls are born with all their 1 oocytes in prophase 1 Every month after puberty until menopause, a 1 oocyte continue with meiosis 1&2 to develop into a 2 oocyte Ovulation occurs at metaphase 2 Meiosis 2 only proceeds through anaphase 2 and telophase 2 if the egg is fertilized. Process starts in ovaries and ends in Fallopian tubes |
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Menstruation |
Monthly discharge of blood and fluid from uterus - caused by low levels of estrogen and progesterone at end of monthly cycle |
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Menstruation |
Monthly discharge of blood and fluid from uterus - caused by low levels of estrogen and progesterone at end of monthly cycle |
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Day 1-5 |
Shedding of endometrium Triggered by decrease of progesterone- stimulates FSH and LH from pituitary Corpus luteum degenerates |
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Day 6-13 |
Follicular phase |
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Day 14 |
Ovulation |
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Day 15-28 |
Luteal phase |
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Travel of sperm in female |
Up vagina, through cervix, into uterus, into oviduct |
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Fertilization |
Head of sperm penetrates egg plasma membrane which triggers completion of meiosis 2 in egg, sperm and egg nucleus form a zygote |
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Cleavage process |
Zygote undergoes first mitosis division within 30h of fertilization as it travels down oviduct |
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Blastocyst formation * morula.. |
16 cells, reaches uterus 3-5 days after fertilization. The morula fills with uterine fluid and two different groups of cells from a sphere called a blastocyst. Inner blastocyst cells become the embryo Outer cells (trophoblast) become chorion (which forms placenta) |
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Following implantation |
Human chorionic gonadotropic hormone (HCG) secreted by outer cells (chorion) of blastocyst to maintain corpus luteum which maintains level of estrogen and progesterone. |
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Gastrulation |
During week 2, blastocyst forms 3 primary germ layers (meso-, ecto-, endo-derm). Developing embryo now called gastrula. |
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Gastrulation |
During week 2, blastocyst forms 3 primary germ layers (meso-, ecto-, endo-derm). Developing embryo now called gastrula. Start of morphogenesis, cell specialization |
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Ectoderm * |
Nervous system, epidermis |
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Mesoderm * |
Skeleton, muscles, reproductive structures, red blood cells |
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Endoderm* |
Lining of the digestive and respiratory systems (pancreas/ liver, etc), endocrine glands |
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Amnion (supportive structure) |
Forms fluid filled sac that is insulation and protection against dehydration, impact, infection, temp changes |
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Chorion (supportive structure) |
Chorion villi invade endometrium, allies for transfer of nutrients/waste material and fetal blood ; become placenta |
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Allantois (supportive structure) |
Initial source of nutrients in first 5 weeks, forms umbilical cord |
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Events in first trimester (weeks 1-13) |
Germ layers are formed Movement around week 9 Heart and brain forms Heart beat around week 10 Placenta and umbilical cord develops Sucking reflexes |
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Placenta |
Temporary organ that connects developing fetus to uterine wall, nutrition intake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via mother’s blood supply |
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Umbilical cord |
Contain one vein and two arteries Vein carries nutrients and oxygen rich blood to fetus Two arteries return blood containing waste from fetus back to placenta, to mom |
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Second trimester (weeks 14-27) |
By week 17, there are sucking and swallowing reflexes, identifiable gender, skin is pink. By week 21, fetal movement, internal organs begin to mature, eyebrows/lashes/eyelids appear By week 25, eyes occasionally open, vernix covers skin, fetus can hiccup |
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Third trimester (weeks 28-40) |
Body mass increases, Maturing organs, Developed taste puds, fat layers formed brain growth!, strong movements, long fingernails Respiratory last to develop, baby is fully developed and can survive outside the mothers body |
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Parturition = birth |
Drop in progesterone causes contractions Cervix thins and dilate Amniotic membrane is forced into birth canal and bursts before delivery (water breaking) |
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Birth hormone (relaxin) |
Produced by placenta and caused ligaments in the pelvis to loosen (dilate cervix) |
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Birth hormone (oxytocin) |
Hormone from posterior pituitary Positive FB loop enhances strength of contractions Synthetic oxytocin is sometimes given to start labour |
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Birth hormone (prostaglandins) |
Released on site, triggers more contractions |
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Lactation |
Prolactin - stimulates milk production Oxytocin - stimulates milk release from breast, PFB |
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Female Infertility |
Failure to ovulate Blockage of reproductive tract (uterine swelling) Repeated miscarriage Absence/malformation of reproductive tract Hormone imbalance |
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Male infertility |
Low sperm count Low testosterone levels or FSH levels Poor Sperm motility Absence/ malformation of structure |
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Fertility effected by STI |
Can leave scar tissue that cause blockage in male or female tracts |
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Artificial insemination |
Man donates sperm IUI - intrauterine insemination, uses catheter to deposit sperm Intravaginal - via syringe, inserted into vagina |
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In-vitro fertilization * |
Hormone therapy (injection) and superovulation, stimulates ovaries to produce numerous mature follicles Eggs extracted Egg and spent in Petri dish, stimulated to fertilize Zygote forms, undergoes cleavage and inserted |
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In-vitro fertilization * |
Hormone therapy (injection) and superovulation, stimulates ovaries to produce numerous mature follicles Eggs extracted Egg and spent in Petri dish, stimulated to fertilize Zygote forms, undergoes cleavage and inserted |
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Surrogacy |
Mather and father each donate egg and sperm IVF formed Embryo transfer to surrogate mother |
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In-vitro fertilization * |
Hormone therapy (injection) and superovulation, stimulates ovaries to produce numerous mature follicles Eggs extracted Egg and spent in Petri dish, stimulated to fertilize Zygote forms, undergoes cleavage and inserted |
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Surrogacy |
Mather and father each donate egg and sperm IVF formed Embryo transfer to surrogate mother |
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Chorionic Villi sampling |
Pull placenta cells out to check disorders |
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In-vitro fertilization * |
Hormone therapy (injection) and superovulation, stimulates ovaries to produce numerous mature follicles Eggs extracted Egg and spent in Petri dish, stimulated to fertilize Zygote forms, undergoes cleavage and inserted |
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Surrogacy |
Mather and father each donate egg and sperm IVF formed Embryo transfer to surrogate mother |
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Chorionic Villi sampling |
Pull placenta cells out to check disorders |
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Amniocentesis (2nd trimester) |
Pull amniotic fluid to test for disorders |
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Zygote |
Cell formed by the union of two gametes |
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Gamete |
Male or female haploid reproductive cell |
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Gonad |
Organ that produces reproductive cells |
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Endometrium |
The mucous membrane that lines the uterus and increases in thickness in the latter part of menstrual cycle |
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Inhibin |
Hormone released from seminiferous tubules. Acts as anterior pituitary |
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Follicle |
In female reproductive system, cell structure within the ovaries |
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Androgen |
Male sex hormone |
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Corpus luteum |
Yellowish gland like structure that develops from a follicle that has matured and has released its eggs |
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Implantation |
Process of attachment of the embryo to the endometrium |
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Menopause |
Decrease of estrogen and progesterone results in an end of menstrual cycle |
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Progesterone |
Female sex hormone produced first by the corpus luteum of the ovary to prepare the uterus for the fertilized egg |
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Testosterone |
Reproductive hormones produced in the testes, stimulates development of the male reproductive tract |
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Journey of Sperm |
Seminiferous tubules (site of spermatogenesis) collecting duct epididymis vas deferens Seminal vesicle - adds fructose to increase movement, Prostate gland - secretes buffer to combat that acidic vagina Cowper’s gland - produces mucous Urethra |
