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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is renal clearance?
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Process by which a measurement is made of how much a substance can be cleared from the body per given unit of time.
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What is a good measure of the glomerular filtration rate?
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Creatinine
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What is the proportionality of GFR and plasma creatinine concentration?
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Inverse. As GFR goes up, plasma creatinine goes down.
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What is proportionality of BUN to GFR?
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Inverse. As BUN levels increase GFR drops.
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What are the three general renal functions?
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Regulatory
Excretory Endocrine |
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What is renal reabsorption?
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Moving from the tubular system to the peritubular system.
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What is renal secretion?
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Moving from the peritubular system to the tubular system.
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What is renal excretion?
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Moving from the tubular system to urine.
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Is the kidney able to regenerate?
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Yes.
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What is the normal Ph of Urine?
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6.0
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The aldesterone feedback mechanism is used in balancing what two fluids?
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Potassium, Salt and water.
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What gland is used in balancing calcium and phosphorus?
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Parathyroid.
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What are the eight tests of urinalysis.
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Specific gravity
Ph Color Protein Casts RBC WBC Glucose |
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In renal disease, what is the specific gravity?
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Usually fixed at 1.010
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What is azotemia?
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Increased blood level of urea.
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Where is creatinine found mostly?
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Muscle.
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What is osmolality?
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Total number of particles in solution. Normal is 290. Regulates release of ADH.
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Name two types of body fluids.
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ICF and ECF
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Hypovolemia is a deficit of what type of fluid?
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ECF
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In hypervolemia, what type of fluid is involved?
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ECF
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What is the treatment (Tx) for hypervolemia?
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diuretics, restrict fluids
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Where is Na actively absorbed?
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In the intestines.
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What material is the chief base of blood?
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Na
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What is the Tx for hyponatremia?
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Replace Na
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What is the Tx for Hypernatremia?
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Oral Na restricted, diuretics.
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Sodium comprises what percentage of cations in ECF?
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90%
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What cation comprises ICF?
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Potassium
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If a person has muscular twitching, eyeballs sunken and soft, cramping abdominal pain, and headache/confusion, what is the most likely diagnosis?
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Hyponatremia.
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If a person is agitated, has dry mucus membranes, marked thirst, flulshed face, increased BP, and tachycardia, what is the most likely diagnosis?
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Hypernatremia.
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What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?
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50% glucose IV with 50 U of insulin, diet low in K, Kayexalate.
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Acute glomerulonephritis is commonly associated with what bacterial infection?
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streptococcus
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What are some symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis?
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hematuria, RBCs, proteinuria, decreased GFR, oliguria, hypertension, edema around eyes.
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What is the most common cause of chronic end-stage renal failure?
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glomerulonephritis
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What are the symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis?
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hematuria, edema, RBC casts, proteinuria, decreased GFR, oliguria, hypertension.
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What are the two types of immune mechanisms commonly contribute to glomerular injury?
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1. Deposition of circulating soluble antigen-antibody complexes, often with complement components.
2. Formation of antibodies specific for the anti-glomerular basement membrane. |
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What are the two major changes in urine that are distinctive of severe glomerularitis?
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1. Hematuria
2. proteinuria |
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What are three ways to evaluate and treat glomerularnephritis?
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1. diagnosis confirmed by proteinuria, RBC's, WBC's, casts
2. biopsy 3. treat primary causing disease. |
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What is epoetin alfa?
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An RBC stimulator.
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Increased Hct leads to:
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increased energy, activity, excercise
improved eating, sleeping improved cognitive function improved sexual function |
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What are the 3 principles of dialysis?
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diffusion
osmosis ultrafiltration |
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What are some situations that require dialysis?
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azotemia, fluid overload, increased K, acidosis, uremic symptoms, nephrotoxic agents
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Which dialysis method is slower, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis?
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peritoneal
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Which gland regulates calcium?
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parathyroid
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What is the importance of calcium?
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bones, teeth, cardiac function, muscle activity
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What is the importance of potassium?
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important for contraction of heart
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What are the different cast indicators?
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white cell cast = infection
hyaline cast = protein in urine..stress granular cast = degenerative nuclei waxy cast = indicate tubular inflammation, chronic renal disease fatty cast = nephrotic syndrome |
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What is the clinical progession of acute renal failure?
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oliguria, diuresis, recovery
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