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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What embryonic tissue gives rise to the GU system?
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Intermediate mesoderm
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What are the tree major stages of kidney development?
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Pronephros
Mesonephros Metanephros |
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Which of the kidney stages forms an adult kidney?
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Metanephros
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The mesonephros (mesonephric duct) goes on to form what adult structures in males?
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Epididymis
Vas dephrens |
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What tissue signals the intermediate mesoderm to form the pronephros?
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Paraxial mesoderm
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What structure is the precursor to the pronephros?
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Pronephric duct
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What portion of the pronephric duct forms an adult structure?
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The caudal portion
It forms part of the excretory system |
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What is the pattern of formation for the mesonephros?
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It forms and degenerates, anterior to posteriorly. Kind of like a tank.
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What cell types does mesonephros form?
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Hematopoetic stem cells
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The nephric duct induces the formation of what structure?
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The mesonephros
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Where is the site that the metanephrogenic mesenchyme/blastema forms?
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Posterior region of the intermediate mesoderm
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What tissues interact during the formation of the metanephros?
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Epithelium of intermediate mesoderm
Mesenchyme of the intermediate mesoderm |
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What is the pattern of induction in the metanephros?
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Metanephrogenic mesenchyme-->Ureteric bud formation
Ureteric buds-->Metanephrogenic mesencyme nephron formation Reciprocal cross-talk The mesenchyme induces the branching of the bud The bud epithelia causes the mesenchyme to aggregate and cavitate |
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What occurs at the tips of the epithelia to the mesenchyme in kidney development? What is formed?
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A mesenchyme to epithelial transition.
Formation of Bowman's capsule |
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The ureteric bud gives rise to these structures?
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Collecting ducts
Ureter |
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The cap mesenchyme gives rise to this structure:
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Nephron
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During what week of development does the metanephros become functional?
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Week 12
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What cells line the inside of Bouwman's capsule? What is their function?
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Podocytes
Filter for proteins while allowing fluids to exit |
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What is unique about the capillaries of the glomeruli?
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fenestrated
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What is the signal that induces kidney development?
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Retinoidc acid
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What genes are key for the formation of the kidney?
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Lim1
Pax2 Pax8 |
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What is the function of Pax2?
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Causes mesenchyme to be responsive to inductive signals
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What is the effect of a Pax2 deletion?
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Nephric duct forms normally
No ureteric bud or metanephros |
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What genes are responsible for the positioning of the kidneys?
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Hox genes
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What gene allow response to ureterinc bud inducers?
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WT1
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What is gene is secreted by the metanephrogenic mesencyme to induce branching? What/where is its receptor?
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GDNF, TGF-beta1, BMP4
Ret, ureteric bud |
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What genes are secreted by this component to prevent apoptosis of this other tissue during kidney development?
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FGF2, BMP7 secreted by the ureteric bud
Mesenchymal apoptosis |
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What genes cause mesenchymal aggregation and transition?
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Wnt signalling
Secreted by the ureteric bud |
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What are the general steps of metanephros reciprocal induction?
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1. Metanephrogenic mesenchyme forms
2. Metanephrogenic mesenchyme secretes GDNF to cause branching of thebud 3. Bud secretes survival factors 4. Wnt signalling causes aggregation of the mesenchyme, transition to epithelium 5. Wnt signalling converts aggregated mesenchyme into a nephron 6. Signals from the mesenchme cause branching of the bud |
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What molecule causes branching of the ureteric bud?
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Collagen XVIII
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What is the function of vitamin A in kidney development? What if there's a defect related to this?
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Vitamin A is converted into Retinoic acid, which causes the expression of Ret, which allows for the branching of the kidneys
Problems means small kidneys |
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What is a condition secondary to renal dysfunction in fetuses? What are the secondary problems?
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Oligohydramnios/Potter sequence
Mechanical pressure on the fetus (deformed face, limbs, etc) Problems with lung development |
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In humans what happens if there's a complete deletion/mutation of Pax2? Partial?
What type of a mutation is this? |
Death due to no kidneys
Renal-Coloboma syndrome Dominant mutation - one of them will cause disease. |
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What are the symptoms of Renal-Coloboma syndrome?
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Renal hypoplasia
Vesicouretral reflux: urine coming back into the kidney Optic nerve problems |
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What is the effect of a gain of function mutation in Pax2?
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Cancers
Cystic diseases |
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What is the effect of a mutation in the Eye-Six genes?
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Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome
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What are the symptoms of Branchio-Oto-Renal (BOR) syndrome?
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Kidney problmes
Hearing problmes Cervical cysts |
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What is the inheritance of BOR syndrome?
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Dominant
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WT1 is expressed in what tissue? What is its function?
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Podocytes
Causes differentiation, inhibits proliferation |
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What is the cause of Wilms' tumor? Appearance? Patient population?
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Mutations in WT1, other tumor supressor genes
Many different cell types Infants from 0-24 mo. |
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Mutations in these structures can cause polycystic kidney disease:
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Cilia
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What is the function of cilia in the kidneys?
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Signalling
Pressure sensing |
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Mutations in collagen IV cause this syndrome:
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Alport's syndrome
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What are the symptoms of Alport's syndrome?
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Severe renal disease
Hearing problems |
