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132 Cards in this Set

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What was the religious issue in England’s first Reformation?
The religious issue in England was the supremacy of the Pope.
According to Luther, to what does a "theology of glory" inevitably lead?
A “theology of glory” always leads to a moralistic spirituality.
Zwingli believed that the so-called sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper were symbolic ceremonies. Why did Zwingli believe that baptism and the Lord's Supper were only symbolic?
Zwingli believed that the Spirit feeds the soul only by faith.
Shelley describes the Roman Catholic Church’s doctrine of justification by faith and good works as consisting of three things. State these three things.
Demonstration of faith through virtuous acts, acceptance of church dogma, and participation in church ritual.
To what does the theology of the cross lead, according to Olson?
A “theology of the cross” always leads to discipleship marked by suffering.
Shelley notes that Calvin did not profess to know who was one of the elect. However, three tests constituted a good yardstick to judge who was saved. What three tests provided a good yardstick for judging who was saved?
participation in baptism and the Lord’s Supper, an upright moral life, public profession of faith.
Shelley tells us that Pope Paul III wanted reform and instituted a new austerity in the church. Which of the following, according to Shelley, best represents what made the Pope’s new rigor apparent?
Pope Paul’s new austerity was seen in establishing the Index of prohibited books.
What did Luther believe about the Lord's Supper?
The Lord's Supper is a real presence of physical food and Christ’s body.
Shelley notes that most any new translation of the Bible from the Hebrew or Greek was bound to offend Rome due to mistranslations in the Latin Vulgate version. Which of the following best represents the most noteworthy example of questionable translation of the Greek text found in the Latin version of the Bible?
The translation of “repent” as “do penance.”
How did the “radical” Anabaptists define a “true church?”
A “true church” was a community of dedicated disciples.
The second Anabaptist principle is the “principle of love.” In the first place, this called for pacifism. Which of the following best explains “pacifism?”
Pacifism means that one rejects all use of violence even to defend against persecution.
Shelley tells us that Jesuits took the three vows that were traditional for Friars or Mendicants, then added a fourth vow that went beyond the traditional three. What did the Jesuits vow that went beyond the three traditional vows?
They took a special vow of loyalty to the Pope.
Balthasar Hubmaier rejected divine monergism and accepted the synergism of Erasmus. Which of the following best explains how Hubmaier thought about human free will?
Human free will comes from Christ and the Holy Spirit to everyone.
What does Olson call "the most revolutionary act of the Reformation," and why was it revolutionary?
Two of Zwingli followers baptized one another. This was considered both heretical and seditious.
Shelley says that, in one major way, the Anabaptists were forerunners of practically all modern Protestant groups. In what way did the Anabaptists prove to be the forerunners of practically all modern Protestants?
The Anabaptists were forerunners in their view of separation of church and state.
The Anglican Book of Common Prayer standardizes worship and prayer for Anglicans worldwide. According to Anglicans, how is God glorified in worship, and how is He not glorified?
God is glorified in uniform, collective worship and not in spontaneous worship.
Olson discusses Casper Schwenkfeld under the “radicals,” but Schwenkfeld held beliefs that were different from most Anabaptists. Which of the following best represents what Schwenkfeld emphasized?
Schwenkfeld emphasized the "inner light" of God’s spirit within everyone.
Olson makes an important point about many of the Roman Catholic beliefs that were being challenged by Protestants during the Reformation. What was true, at this time, of many Roman Catholic beliefs that were being challenged by Protestants?
These beliefs had never been made the official dogma of the Church.
Olson discusses the “reform Councils” like the Council of Constance (1414-1418). What reform did the Council of Constance accomplish?
The Council of Constance settled the great papal schism and elected one Pope.
What did Luther stress about the essence of Christian living that removed the necessity for monasticism?
The essence of Christian living consists of serving God in one’s calling.
Calvin taught God's "meticulous providence." Which of the following best represents what “meticulous providence” means?
“Meticulous providence” means that God is the ultimate cause of everything.
Shelley evaluates the Elizabethan Settlement as something between the Protestant Reformation and the Roman Catholic tradition. In what two things did Elizabeth’s “middle way” retain Roman Catholic elements?
It retained Roman Catholic elements in its liturgy and in the rule of bishops.
Menno Simmons rejected the magisterial Reformers idea of "forensic" justification. Which of the following best represents why Simmons rejected the idea of "forensic" justification?
Simmons rejected the idea of "forensic" justification because it impeded holy living.
What, for Luther, was "God's word"?
God's word is the gospel of Christ preached.
What was the heart and essence of Luther's theological contribution?
Salvation as a gift of divine mercy.
According to Olson, "Calvin wanted to have Christ's body in heaven and eat it in the sacramental meal too!" Explain Calvin's solution to this apparent contradiction.
Calvin taught that the Holy Spirit draws together the body of Christ and the believer.
What did the compromise of the Peace of Augsburg allow?
The Peace of Augsburg allowed each prince to decide the religion of his subjects.
According to Olson, Roman Catholic reformers such as Cardinal Contarini wanted to see significant reforms in the Roman Catholic Church. Which of the following best represents what these reformers wanted to see?
These reformers wanted clergy to be educated and resident in their parishes.
Luther believed that we sin even in our best works. The solution to this problem is the “joyful exchange.” Explain this exchange.
A joyful exchange between Christ's goodness and righteousness and the human person own sinfulness and unrighteousness
Explain what Olson means when he calls Luther a "dialectical" thinker.
Luther enjoyed the paradoxical nature of truth.
According to Shelley, the Anabaptist “principle of love” was also expressed in another way besides pacifism. Which of the following best explains this extension of the “principle of love”?
The “principle of love” was expressed in the redistribution of wealth.
Shelley tells us that Calvin shared four major ideas with Luther. Shelley also identifies a “central doctrine” for both Reformers. What was Calvin’s “central doctrine”?
Calvin’s central doctrine was the sovereignty of God.
In his Spiritual Exercises, Ignatius Loyola outlined a three-step path to spiritual perfection. Which of the following best represents these three steps?
The steps to perfection were examination of conscience, penance, and amnesia about guilt.
Olson states that John Locke was one of the most influential English philosophers. Which of the following best represents the philosophical school that Locke began?
Locke began the Empirical school of philosophy.
Richard Muller declares that Arminius was not a Reformed thinker, but offered an alternative to Calvinism. Which of the following best represents what Muller offers as proof to establish his point?
Muller points to Arminius’ strong emphasis on God’s willing self-limitation.
Arminius ended up rejecting all forms of two essential points of Calvinist theology. Which of the following best represents these two essential points?
Arminius rejected an unconditional divine election.
Olson tells us that there were three universal theological ideas that formed the Puritan consensus. Fill in the blanks (one word per blank) to show what the three ideas of the Puritan consensus were.

A pure [a]_____, a [b]_____ relationship between God and the elect, and a [c]_____ society.
church
covenant
Christianized
According to Shelley, Evangelicals inherited two traits from Pietism? Which of the following best represents one of those two traits?
Evangelicals inherited a tendency towards emotionalism.
Shelley discusses the French Revolution and the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" Which of the following best represents what the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" codified as the natural rights of humans?
Liberty, property, and resistance to oppression.
An “active” Christianity is the fourth hallmark of Pietism. Which of the following best represents how Franke wished to see this principle lived out?
By establishing charitable institutions in society.
According to Olson, Protestant orthodoxy tended to break apart the balance of Word and Spirit. Which of the following best represents what Protestant orthodoxy emphasized about the Bible?
Protestant orthodoxy emphasized that the Bible’s authority rested in its propositions.
“Natural religion,” another name for Deism, emphasized something above all else. Which of the following best represents what “natural religion” or Deism emphasized?
Natural religion emphasized the authority of reason above all else.
Most Deists believed that some kind belief in God, as well as judgment after death, were necessary. Which of the following best represents why such beliefs were necessary?
Such beliefs were necessary for the progressive reformation of a person’s life.
Solomon Stoddard introduced the “Half-Way Covenant” in order to try to counter the declining membership in New England churches. Which of the following best represents the “Half-Way Covenant”?
The “Half-Way Covenant” allowed children of non-members to be baptized in church.
The Westminster Confession and Catechism defined what most English-speaking Reformed churches believe to this day. Which of the following best represents the answer to the first question of the Westminster Shorter Catechism, “What is the chief end of man?”?
The chief end of man is to glorify God and enjoy him.
John Toland 's book, Christianity Not Mysterious, argued something about authentic Christianity. Which of the following best represents what Toland argued about authentic Christianity?
Authentic Christianity is purely rational and accessible to everyone.
Arminius rejected divine monergism. Which of the following best represents why Arminius asserted that any monergistic doctrine was “injurious to the glory of God”?
Divine monergism makes God the author of sin.
Blaise Paschal argued that reason is not a sure guide to knowing God. Which of the following best explains why Pascal believed that reason was no sure guide?
If we trust reason alone, we will doubt everything except pain and death.
According to Olson, the Pietists had three criteria for authentic Christianity. Fill in the appropriate blanks (one word per blank) to show the three criteria for authentic Christianity according to the Pietists.

The three criteria for authentic Christianity are right [a], right [b], and right [c].
feelings
living
believing
Shelley tells us that the French thinker Voltaire disliked all forms of organized Christianity. Which of the following best represents what Voltaire disliked about organized Christianity?
Organized Christianity was intolerant and resulted only in squabbles.
Olson discusses the era of “Lutheran Orthodoxy” which occurred before (and alongside of) Lutheran Pietism. Which of the following best represents how the idea of “forensic justification” was interpreted by Lutheran orthodoxy in this era?
“Forensic justification” meant that there was no need for holiness of life.
Puritans considered many aspects of Anglican worship to be “pernicious symbols” of unbiblical, Roman Catholic tendencies. Name two of the Anglican worship traditions that the Puritans wanted to remove in order to “purify” the Anglican Church.
(priestly) vestments, incense, high altars, kneeling / genuflecting, and statues.
To what did the Pope agree in the Lateran Treaty of 1929?
The Pope agreed to give up authority over the Papal States.
Shelley describes a "basic problem" that he believes a religiously neutral civilization presents the Christian. Which of the following best represents what Shelley believes is this “basic problem”?
The basic problem is how far Christians should go in using the power of the state to enforce morals.
Calvinists charge that Arminians deny the idea of salvation by grace through faith . Which of the following best represents the idea in Calvin’s theology of salvation that led Calvinists to charge that Arminians denied salvation by grace through faith?
Calvin believed that salvation is by grace only if the human person remains totally passive.
From the Greek fathers, John Wesley took the idea of “perfection” as the goal of the Christian life. Which of the following best represents how the Greek Fathers defined this goal?
The Greek Fathers defined “perfection” as a process of disciplined love.
Many think that Jonathan Edwards is the greatest American theologian. According to Edwards, what must be true if God is truly God?
If God is truly God then God must be the one power and cause of everything.
Arminius understood predestination somewhat differently than Beza. Which of the following best represents what Arminius based the predestination of individuals on?
Arminius based the predestination of individuals on God’s foreknowledge of free choices.
Olson states that Zinzendorf's emphasis has "bled into and permeated much of Protestant Christianity in North America." Which of the following best describes this emphasis?
A non-doctrinal intimacy with Jesus is the true heart of authentic Christianity.
Olson explained the theology of Theodore Beza, Calvin’s successor at Geneva. According to Beza, how does God foreknow what will happen?
God foreknows what will happen because he foreordained everything that happens.
John Wesley was influenced by the Moravian teacher Peter Bohler. How did Bohler understand the doctrine of justification by faith?
Justification by faith is a personal experience of God’s forgiveness.
Shelley interprets the rise of Pietism as a reaction to later Reformation thought and practice. Which of the following best represents what the essence of faith is, according to the Pietists?
The essence of faith is the personal experience of God’s grace in the heart.
The church council Vatican I asserted two fundamental Roman Catholic beliefs: the primacy of the Pope and the infallibility of the Pope. Explain the concept of the “infallibility” of the Pope, as Shelley understands it.
When the Pope makes a final decision ex cathedra in matters of faith and morals, it is infallible and immutable and does not require the prior consent of the Church.
According to Shelley, the Methodist societies were the center of their Christian experience. Which of the following best represents what Methodists did in their societies?
The societies met for confession, discipline, and prayer.
John Wesley developed the idea of the “Wesleyan quadrilateral” of four essential sources of authority. Name these sources in the order given.
Scripture, reason, tradition, and experience.
Olson discusses a saying in Latin that summarizes the Pietist position on theology. Fill in the blanks (one word per blank) to recreate the English translation of the Latin saying that summarizes the Pietist position.

In essentials [a] , in non-essentials [b], in all things [c].
unity
liberty
charity
Schleiermacher, the German theologian, brought about a new era in German theology, especially in regard to thinking about what we know of God. When we talk about God, according to Schleiermacher, what are we really talking about?
When we talk about God, we are talking about our experience of God.
Sidney E. Ahlstrom believes that it was an “ambitious objective” of Protestant liberals that caused what Ahlstrom termed the most fundamental controversy since the Reformation. Which of the following best represents this “ambitious objective”?
Protestant liberals attempted to lead Protestants into the world of modern science.
William Carey taught that it was essential that a preacher of the gospel must understand the thought of a nation in which he serves. Which of the following best represents why a preacher must understand the local culture and thought?
Because the thought-world of a nation must also be taken captive for Christ.
Walter Rauschenbusch taught that “super-personal” beings must also be saved. Which of the following best represents what a “super-personal” being is and how such a person can become saved?
A “super-personal” being is a great structure of social life that takes on a life of its own.
Charles Brent thought that disunity among Christians made cooperation among churches impossible. Which of the following best represents what Brent thought was the only basis for cooperation among churches?
Christian churches will only cooperate when they agree on the essentials of doctrine.
Puritanism stressed a “personal” side in the individual's experience of grace, but then moved on to a “public” side. Which of the following best represents what the Puritans affirmed about the “public” side of grace?
The Puritans affirmed the elect’s mission to change society.
Shelley informs us that Marx and Engels had a different approach to solving the industrial social crisis. Which of the following best represents the only way to attain a solution to the industrial social crisis, according to the Communist Manifesto?
According to the Communist Manifesto, we can solve the crisis only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social institutions.
Shelley speaks of the poverty and social crisis brought on by the new industrial society. He says that the churches of the 19th century did not have a strong position from which to speak to the industrial social crisis. Which of the following best represents why the churches could not respond to the industrial social crisis?
Because of the separation of church and state, the church had no political platform.
Shelley discusses the rise of “higher criticism.” According to Shelley, higher criticism threw doubted on one thing that was the most important of all the things that it doubted. Which of the following best represents this most important thing that higher criticism threw doubt on?
Higher criticism threw doubt on the belief that the Bible was an infallible authority.
By the end of the 1970s, according to Shelley, the World Council of Churches had changed its vision of primary expression of Christian unity. Which of the following best represents what came to be the WCC’s new primary expression of Christian unity?
The WCC’s new expression of Christian unity centered on political and social concerns.
According to Shelley, the Puritan idea of "covenant" had two sides. On the one side, it opened the Scripture as a source of strength for the believer. Which of the following best represents the other side of the Puritan idea of covenant?
The bond of the covenant obligated the saint to walk in all of God’s ways.
Shelley explains the denominational theory of the church. Which of the following best represents the idea of denominationalism as originally designed?
A denomination, as originally designed, was one part of the universal Church.
Shelley notes that the Scots were driven to take up arms against their king in the "National League and Covenant.” Which of the following best represents what drove the Scots to join in this "League and Covenant?
The King attempted to impose the Book of Common Prayer on the Scots.
Shelley cites Henry Emerson Fosdick to define the central aim that was foundational to both "evangelical liberalism" and "modernistic liberalism." State this central aim as Fosdick puts it.
The central aim was to make it possible for one to be both modern and a Christian.
The first cultural "shock" for nineteenth century America was Charles Darwin's The Origin of the Species, published in 1859. Which of the following best represents what Shelley believes was the challenge for evangelical Christians presented by The Origin of the Species?
The Origin of the Species called into question the idea of a creating and sustaining God.
Olson speaks of a legacy of liberal Protestantism. We can see this legacy in that liberal theologian’s distain doctrine and emphasize something else in its place. Which of the following best represents what liberal Protestant theologians emphasize?
Liberal theologians emphasize ethical education.
Isaac Backus preached the “New Light.” Which of the following best represents what Backus meant by the “New Light”?
The “New Light” was the inward witness that was the key to revival in New England.
Albrecht Ritschl proposed to “disentangle” Christianity from science. Ritschl taught something about truth and religions propositions. Which of the following best represents what Ritschl proposed about religious propositions?
Religious propositions speak of values or value judgments.
The interface between faith and cultural tradition can result in two distinct things, one a disaster and one that arises from the gospel itself. Which of the following best represents the disaster that can occur at this interface?
The gospel can be condemned by a people before it is heard.
During the Second Council of the Vatican (Vatican II), problems arose over the proposed document on divine revelation. What was the “central question” about revelation, according to Shelley?
The “central question” about revelation asked if we found some truths only in tradition.
The revivalists of the Great Awakening concentrated on the individual’s need for salvation. According to Shelley, this had consequences for America as a whole. Which of the following best represents one of these consequences?
In consequence, the revivalists shifted the idea of the “covenant people” to America in general.
Shelley discusses the hot issues regarding the institution of slavery as the United States spread to the west. Which of the following best represents a major “hot” question about slavery as the nation spread west, according to Shelley?
A major question was whether new States would be slave or free.
Olson discusses the ideas of the German philosopher Hegel about humanity and human culture. Which of the following best represents what Hegel thought about human culture?
Human culture is God coming to self-consciousness.
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 brought about two new political/religious realities. Which of the following best represents one of those new realities?
The Peace of Westphalia meant that Protestants and Roman Catholics could live together in the same territory.
According to Olson, nineteenth century theologians were not willing to put modernity on a par with Scripture. Which of the following best represents what, then, makes certain nineteenth century thinkers “liberal” thinkers?
These thinkers believed that modern thought was necessary in order to interpret the Bible.
Schleiermacher stated that theology must abandon the distinction between the natural and the supernatural. Which of the following best represents why we must abandon this distinction, according to Schleiermacher?
We must regard everything that happens in nature as the activity of God
David Livingstone was appalled that the African slave trade was being perpetuated by Africans, themselves. Which of the following best represents what Livingstone believed could be the solution to the problem of the slave trade in Africa?
Western commerce and goods could end the slave trade.
Shelley tells us that, influenced by Isaac Backus, the Baptists developed a “basic” position that would allow America to become a truly Christian nation. Which of the following best represents this “basic” Baptist position?
The Baptist position was that we must sever all connections between church and state.
Ritschl believed that Jesus did not exist as God prior to his earthly life, except in the mind of God. Why, then, do Christians call Jesus “God”?
Christians call Jesus “God” because his life vocation made possible partial achievement of God’s kingdom within history.
Shelley asserts that, in Protestant England, Protestant labor leaders took something from their Methodist backgrounds and brought it into their support of “the laboring man.” Which of the following best represents what these leaders took from their Methodist background?
Protestant labor leaders took their zeal and organizing skills from their Methodist background.
Shelley explains the Puritan idea of the “covenant of grace.” Which of the following best represents how the Puritan idea of the “covenant of grace” works out in the church?
The “covenant of grace” meant that conversion must precede church membership.
According to Rauschenbusch, the individualistic gospel saved souls, but could not do what the social gospel sought to do. In Rauschenbusch’s understanding, what did the social gospel seek to do?
The social gospel sought to bring people to repentance for their collective sins.
According to Cardinal Suenens, the conflict over authority in the Roman Catholic Church could be traced to two contrasting theologies about the Church. Describe briefly the two contrasting theologies that fueled the conflict over authority in the Roman Catholic Church.
One sees the church as a fellowship of spiritual communities held together by their recognition of papal primacy. The other sees the Church as a medieval superstate governed by an absolute monarch.
Olson states that there were five ideas –part of a Christian worldview- that both evangelical paradigms held in common. Two of these were God’s transcendence and supernatural activity, and the Bible as divinely inspired and infallible. State the last three of these five ideas.
Jesus Christ is the crucified and risen Savior and Lord, conversion as the only authentic initiation into salvation, and the rejection of both liberal theology and fundamentalism.
The “Oxford man” affirmed the religious value of symbolic actions in worship. Which of the following best represents why the Oxford movement believed that ritual was necessary?
Worship should be total and engage the senses.
Olson discusses the rise of Latin American liberation theology. According to Olson, How do Latin American liberation theologians interpret salvation?
Salvation involves the individual in the abolition of structural poverty and unjust politics.
By the late 1980s, leaders in the former Soviet Union were asking help in re-establishing Biblical morals in Russia. Which of the following best represents what did Russian leaders wanted to prohibit by July of 1993?
Russian leaders wanted to prohibit activities by foreign religious organizations.
Shelley notes the new pluralistic culture and says that Christian leaders must do something in order to face this new pluralistic world with integrity. Which of the following best represents what Shelley suggests that Christian leaders must do?
Christian leaders must define justice in a meaningful way.
Shelley finds three “hallmarks” of liberalism in Shailer Matthews’ The Faith of Modernism. Which of the following best represents these hallmarks?
Evolutionary religion, optimistic view of man, moralistic God.
Feminist theology has a number of different concepts of God, depending on the theologian. Which of the following best represents how Rosemary Radford Reuther conceives of God?
God is the "matrix of being" that connects everyone and everything together in a web.
Olson discusses “metanarratives” in regard to Christianity. Which of the following best represents what happens to Christianity if we cannot discover a metanarrative?
If we cannot discover a metanarrative then our Christianity itself is lost.
By the 1940s and 1950s, many fundamentalist leaders had added two doctrines to the list of basic Christian beliefs. Which of the following best represents the new doctrines that these leaders now insisted the faithful must believe?
They insisted on Premillennialism and young-earth creationism.
Olson discusses the career of J. Gresham Machen, a scholar admired by many fundamentalists. Which of the following best represents the two areas of fundamentalist belief that Machen rejected?
Machen rejected Premillennialism and views against evolution.
Olson writes about two competing evangelical theological paradigms, the “Puritan-Princeton paradigm” and the “Pietist-Pentecostal paradigm.” Which of the following best represents why the Puritan-Princeton paradigm criticized “experiential” evangelicals?
Because, they feared that the Pietist focus on experience would lead them to become theological liberals.
Olson tells us that fundamentalists and evangelicals differ in their approach to interpreting the Bible. Which of the following best explains how evangelicals differ from fundamentalists on Biblical interpretation?
Evangelicals allow more latitude concerning the interpretation of origins.
“Fundamentalists” held to the list of fundamentals of the Christian faith, but went on from there to practice something further. Which of the following best represents this further practice that generally distinguishes “fundamentalists” from “evangelicals”?
Fundamentalists practice separation from all Christians who do not agree with their essential beliefs.
In the context of the theology of liberalism, fundamentalism, and evangelicalism, we might ask the question, “What theology is Christian?” According to Olson, a theology that claims to be Christian must have something in common with three things. State briefly those three things.
the gospel of Jesus Christ, the apostolic witness to him in the New Testament, and the Great Tradition of the Christian church throughout its history.
Olson looks at the state of the Christian church at the beginning of the 21st century. According to Olson, something very important is missing from Christian theology today. Which of the following is what Olson believes is lacking from Christian theology at the turn of the 21st century?
What is lacking from Christian theology is any great overarching metanarrative.
James Cone originated Black Liberation theology. What point about those seeking salvation did James Cone make, according to Olson?
People seeking salvation cannot remain neutral in the situation of racial oppression.
Olson discusses the impact of the Second Council of the Vatican (Vatican II) on the Roman Catholic Church. Which of the following best represents what was perhaps the most significant change in Catholic theology brought about by Vatican II?
The most significant change in Catholic theology was the affirmation of the supremacy of Scripture.
Shelley states that Evangelicals had little effect on American culture, and cites the “lifeboat ethic” of early 20th century evangelicals for this. Which of the following best represents the effect that the “lifeboat ethic” had on the evangelical movement?
The “lifeboat ethic” meant that evangelicals withdrew from the social arena.
The idea of what made one happy changed in the 1970s and 1980s. Which of the following best represents what was promoted in these decades as "happiness" for the individual?
Happiness was a life rich in experiences and sensual feelings.
Shelley cites a "psychological revolution" in American culture. Which of the following best represents what popular culture had embraced 1990?
Popular culture had embraced the morality of self-expression.
The Clapham sect struggled against the slave trade in the British Empire. Which of the following best represents what political “first” came about during this struggle?
For the first time, women participated in the political process.
Olson also tells us that the Pietist-Pentecostal paradigm criticized their Princeton brethren. Which of the following best represents why the Pietist-Pentecostal paradigm criticized their Princeton colleagues?
The Pietists criticized them for being too one-sided in their neglect of experiencing God.
Process theology intends to offer a theology that is neither liberal nor evangelical. According to Olson, Which of the following best represents what Process theology attempts to do?
Process theology attempts to reconstruct the doctrine of God in tune with modern beliefs.
Shelley tells us that mission without worship can produce “empty service.” Which of the following best represents what worship without mission produces?
Worship without mission produces careless religion.
Shelley discusses the rise of Islamic jihadists and the view of columnist David Brooks. Which of the following best represents what has produced today’s Islamic extremists, according to Brooks?
The ancient culture and consciousness of Islam has produced today’s Islamic extremists.
Early fundamentalism was highly influenced by the Old Princeton school of theology. Which of the following best represents what early fundamentalism emphasized as the core of Christianity?
Early fundamentalism emphasized unrevisable doctrinal propositions as the core of Christianity.
In the 20th century, liberals dreamed of ecumenical unity. According to Olson, which of the following best represents what such a consensus would resemble?
Such a consensus would resemble Harnack’s fatherhood of God and brotherhood of man.
Shelley cites a change in the relationship between Evangelicals and Roman Catholics as they have discovered some common ground between them. Which of the following best represents the common ground between them, especially in the United States?
They found common ground in issues of social conscience such as abortion.
For some young Protestant thinkers, eschatological theology like that of Moltmann is an attractive theological paradigm. Which of the following best represents what eschatological theology centers on?
Eschatological theology centers on the divine self-limitation in which the world affects God.
Olson explains Karl Rahner’s ideas of the "supernatural existential" and the "anonymous Christian." Which of the following best represents Rahner’s idea of the "supernatural existential"?
The "supernatural existential" is an element of grace within each person that constitutes a possibility of salvation.
Shelley notes the search for “ultimate” significance in the late 20th century. Which of the following best represents what became the primary source of "ultimate" significance for the soul in the late 20th century?
Sex became the primary source of "ultimate" significance for the soul.
Alfred North Whitehead reconceived the nature of reality. Which of the following best represents how Alfred North Whitehead explained the nature of reality?
The nature of reality consists of a series of occasions or discrete drops of experience.
Charles Hodge adopted the “Common Sense Realism” of Thomas Reid and this affected the way in which he formulated his theology. Which of the following best represents how Charles Hodge reflected this philosophy in the way he treated the Bible?
Hodge treated the Bible as a collection of propositions waiting to be organized.