Religions Of The World Final Exam

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Confucius

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(551-479 BCE)
- Christian missionary’s “Latinized” his name in the 16th Century
- “Con” => his real name “-fucius” => means ‘master’

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Analects

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a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.

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Legalism (Realism)

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Realism => Law -a focus on strengthening the political power of the ruler, of which law is only one part.

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Mohism

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Moh” means “ink” (smear ink to mark criminals)
Universal Love – (Utilitarian)
Loving everyone is more
Convenient and less costly

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Jen

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benevolence, love

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Li

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ritual, propriety

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Chun Tzu

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(One who lives by Jen) The chun tzu is one who lives by the ideal of Jen and is neither petty, arrogant, mean-spirited or vengeful. A Chun tzu is one who is comfortable with his or herself and is completely respecting to the people he or she meets.

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Five Constant Relationships

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Ruler-Subject => Reciprocal. Critics say it spawns blind obedience. Subjects are limbs; ruler is head. Bother are indispensible

Father-Son (parent and children)
=> Fathers want sons to carry on family name: promotes polygamy in the pursuit of a male heir
Husbands-Wife
Brothers
Friends

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Tao

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“The Tao that can be spoken is not the true Tao.”
- Lao tzu says don’t even bother trying to define Tao
- Truth can not be conveyed through human concepts
=> Similar to Zen Buddhism

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Lao Tzu

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"Old Master”
- Contemporary of Confucius (he was older than Confucius)
=> Compared Lao to a dragon (benevolent, magical)
- Served in the Kings Archives
- Left secular life in China, rode on the back of a black ox

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Tao Te Ching

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basic text of Taoism “The Classic of the Way and its Power”
=> very short, only 5,000 words

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Chuang Tzu

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was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States Period, corresponding to the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical summit of Chinese thought.

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Wu Wei

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“No action,” no unnecessary action
=> Effectiveness of action

Wu Wei in Politics:
Non-intrusive ruler/government “libertarian”
- No tax
- No war
No big government

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Chi

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"Vital force”- Essence of life. Will eventually be used up, which causes aging and then death

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Alchemy

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External Alchemy- art of creating “immortality pills”
=> People eventually realize pills don’t work and can be harmful

- It dies out because people realized it’s useless

Internal Alchemy- Don’t eat anything to enhance vital forces. Way to improve health, modest expectations
=> Taoist Yoga and Tai Chi

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Heavenly Master’s Taoism

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Founded by Chang Tao Ling. In 142 C.E. he is said to have received a revelation from T'ai Shang Lao Chun which gave him the title of Heavenly Master. Chang Tao Ling is said to have vanquished demons and prepared an elixir of immortality.

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Complete Perfection Taoism

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is a major sect of Taoism that originated in Northern China. It was founded by the Taoist priest Wang Chongyang in the 12th century, during the rise of the Jin Dynasty. When the Mongols invaded the Northern Chinese (Song Dynasty) in 1254, the Quanzhen Taoists were among those who exerted great effort in keeping the peace, thus saving thousands of lives

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Muhammad

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(570-632) – born in Mecca, was a merchant and worked for Kadjah (became his wife), in 610-received revelation from the angel Gabriel, tried to resist being the prophet at first, died in Mecca in 632

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Hijra

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he emigration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 CE, marking the first year of the Islamic calendar, 1 AH (anno Hegirae)

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Koran

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(“reciting,” “reading”) – Muhammad received from Allah, started in 610
- Contains 114 Surahs (chapters)
- Organized my length (longest to shortest)

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Hadith

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(“talk,” “tradition”) – religious text, second to Quran
 Part 1- story
 Part 2- chain of sources

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Mecca

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is the holiest meeting site of the Islamic religion

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Medina

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(means city) holiest city behind Mecca

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Five Pillars of Islam

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(basic practice):
1) Profession of Faith- there is no god but Allah; Muhammad is a messenger of Allah
2) Praying 5 times a day facing Mecca
3) Almsgiving- voluntary tithing (not to the church)
If you give alms openly, it is well; but if you do it secretly and give to the poor, that is better. —Qur-an 2:271a
4) Fasting
5) Pilgrimage to Mecca- have to do it once in their life time

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Caliph

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The political successors to the messenger of God (referring to Muhammad)

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Shiite

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is the second largest denomination of Islam, after Sunni Islam. Shia Islam holds that Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt ("the People of the House"), and certain individuals among his descendants, who are known as Imams, have special spiritual and political rule over the community. Shia Muslims further believe that Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was the first of these Imams and was the rightful successor to Muhammad and thus reject the legitimacy of the first three Rashidun caliphs.

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Sunni

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the largest branch of Islam

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Sufi

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The inner, mystical dimension of Islam. "A science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God."