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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conditions of reform for Protestants
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A) Increase level of corruption- failure of celibacy, absenteeism (not live where leading), pluralism (two places same priest), simony (practice paying for job) B)socioeconomic: feudalism⬇️ Comerical/industrial⬆️ C)nationalism( country power or church D)Humanism: go back to source of knowledge Plato and Aristotle, begin to ? Church ideas
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Luther made new
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Was a monk, tried to be good christian➡️ Super monk was his goal. Problem was that he was afraid of God➡️ Saw judgement as having to follow the rules afraid of punishment. @ repentance would try to remember every single thing➡️ Afraid of hell rather than happy of gods love. Put in charge of teaching and with Romans realized god justice reveal in faith. No one good enough but god but he gives justices to free us➡️➡️ Nothing One does make god love you more➡️➡️➡️ Freed Luther
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Reformation begins
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Luther came to realization about justice but did nothing. Leo X was Pope➡️ Corrupt to make money tetzel sell indulgences think can buy Gods forgiveness. Luther writes 1st thesis and circulates nothing happens➡️➡️ 95 thesis on church door which challenges pope and indulgences🌟 start
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Reform events
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Meeting in Augsburg called a diet, and Luther summoned to defend teachings. cajaten pope advisor told Luther to admit he wrong or trouble. L leave at night with Fredrick help. 1519 accepts debate with ech➡️ Got L to say pope could be wrong➡️ Luther a heretic. W/ papal bull L excommunicated burnt it. Diet of worms ➡️ L said use bible to show he wrong➡️Fredrick kidnaps him to keep him safe
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Luther's theology
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A) word of god- is the bible spoken by Jesus➡️ Incarnation of god. Thru j ppl see and hear god. Sola scripture= scripture alone. B)knowledge of god-limited to human reason only know god thru experince➡️ Relationship. Theologian cruis➡️ Theology of cross➡️ Only know god in human terms cross was the bridge. Avoid theology of glory. C) law and grace-- we can never do enough only thru grace does god forgive, works don't help, predestination➡️ God choose some to save. D) sacraments-- only those that act of grace were 1) baptism: become preacher, infants could bc nothing can give ourselves grace only god 2)Eucharist/communion-- not transubstantantiom but that Jesus was present in sacraments E) two kingdoms--2 on kingdoms earth1) kingdom of law: govt➡️ Law restrain evil2) church: thought church had become law based, live in both.
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Empire church divided
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After diet of worms empire being split➡️ L and c followers. Wartberg translate bible to German. Charles V couldn't act vs L because F. 1526 spire revokes edict vs L need fighter. 1529 spire C5 steps v L ppl protest= Protestants. 1530 Augsburg➡️Ask l his beliefs wrote them in Augsburg confessions➡️ Military alliance called schalkden. 1532 diet Nuremberg➡️ All kingdoms decide own religion, not tolerance within but HRE split.
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Why Luther important? To history
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1) starting pt of Christendom ⬇️ 2)new relationship btw Church-state➡️From est church to disestablish where freedom rel and separation of church-state 3)theology. 4)reconfigure Europe to secular 5) reenergize the Catholic Church
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Theology of cross
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Importance of cross, understand cross is understand God➡️Paradox see god by weak of Jesus, die in cross beginning of Christianity, cross is realization of our sins,
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Erasmus
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Write "on freedom of will" v. L "bondage of will". Erasmus was humanist➡️ Faith in humans to overcome wrongs, educate to know right.
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Zwingli
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A) evangelical reform: Luther called evang.. And z became reform of Protestants➡️Presbyterians. B)Humanism➡️ Return to ancient lit, push forward with reasoning, human education, main difference with l was path to reform, z positive view on reasoning. C)Scripture commands: L if bible didn't say not to do it then ok Z if bible doesn't say 2 do it the no d)theology did with Luther: L➡️ Predestination all deserve hell but god saves some by grace Z➡️ More harsh ruler of god L➡️ Said J was present at communion Z➡️ Communion was a memorial to Jesus. At Marburg colloquy agree on all but Eucharist
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Radical reformations
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A) anabaptist➡️ 3rd group, first used as insult 'Anabaptist' mean to baptis 2. Don't baptis babies. Gather chuch➡️ Pure church. Only when pure would be baptized. Pacifism➡️ Never fight, Amish, by George blauric &grebel. B)revolutionaries: Anabaptist that not pacifist, saw 2coming, strausburg new jeuslam, others thought münster was led by 2 johns➡️ Expel catholic from city C) Mennonites: Minon Simons, sane theology as Ana, don't use electricity,
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John calvin
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A) trained to be lawyer, F 25 yr younger than L, Protestant and wrote "institute of the Xn Religion"➡️1 systematic theology of reformer: cover everything P believed➡️ All p👏 B) Geneva: traveling to Strasbourg spent night there leaders persuaded them to stay C) church-state: developed church conflicted with leaders➡️ Church thought they have more control and leaders they in charge➡️Kicked him out⬅️Asked back➡️ More control, right to overthrow unjust leaders, still est church D) Zurich Conseus: Calvin &Z➡️ Problem was communion L=present at meal Z= remembrance Cal= present at meal and receive grace through spiritual presents
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Henry 8th and political reform
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A) H married with sister in law Catherine of argon, law said couldn't marry sister in law, pope said👍, didn't produce make heir(Mary), H want to devorse bc no boy, pope said no Cathorine was Charles aunt 👎. Act of supremacy➡️ Church wasn't under pope=separate church & head is now leader of England. H declares marriage annoyed marries ambience. Cranamora was H religious advisor. Thomas more good friend of H➡️ Said king not leader= beheaded. Anbolin child Elizabeth➡️➡️ Jane Semite gave son Edward. Epistle church/en B)Edward to thrown (child), regent= duke somerset, Edward died➡️ Mary Tudor to thrown back to catholic➡️ 1558 Elizabeth back to church England
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Religious reform-- Henry, regent, Mary
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A) Henry policy= like catholic but wanted to annul, control churches➡️$ had wrote vs L "defender of the church" B)Regency of Edward: more Protestant,changes in theology, removal of statues, move away from tranedstation "39 articles" statement of faith if England church, more p understanding B-2) Mary Tudor➡️Catholic threw out p "Bloody Mary". C) Elizabeth➡️ End catholic installs p, saw only as way to unify country➡️ Both C and P words in communion
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Scotland
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A) Scottish-England hatred➡️ Scottish w/ the French England w/ Spain B)Spread of P: k and q are enemies with nobility➡️ K/Q try to consolidate power. K/Q allied with F➡️ P ideas grow. 1546 group of Protestant take St. Andrews, John Knox pursuade tutor to be leader. C)Mary Stuart: nobility resist change, Knox return to Scotland D) Elizabeth of England: Mary claims she is the heir to englad➡️ Gb sends troops to p. 1560 break from catholic form Church of Scotland "p declaration" Stewart exile➡️ Tries to take thrown killed.
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Germany
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A) political turmoil: 1532 Nuremberg agree to leave decision to each state➡️ Knew wasn't going to last. Philip Hesse➡️ P lead of smakal⬅️ Nuremberg was response B)towards resolution: Luther and others tell can marry two➡️Bad idea. Luther dies 1546. "Augsburg interim"➡️ Written by both p and c to compromise, not permanent, p reject. " leizig interim"➡️ Some ideas are essential never conpromise & nonessentials(adiophora) can agree to disagree➡️ Fix problem until permanent. Fighting resumes➡️ Peace of Augsburg is first step towards religious freedom. " curus regio ecus religio" ➡️ As ruler is as religion
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Scandinavia
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Present-day: Norway Sweden, Denmark. B)Denmark: Christian II was king➡️Ruthless➡️Fredrick takes over➡️ Better, est Denmark as p Lutheran. C)Sweden gustaucus vasa➡️Came to thrown wanted reform, opposed bishops, clergy and nobles, ppl support➡️ Lutheran
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Low countries
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Present-day Belgium Netherlands, holland, luterberg A) political status: called 17 providences➡️ Was HRE➡️ V was beloved by the ppl. 1555 abdicates and put Philip II as ruler poor. B)Protestant growth: ppl try to be everyday monks, Erasmus from 17, minonities start here,obey cousin of Trent or die C) war➡️ Philp vs. 17 w/ William of orange, Spanish winning all naval so 17 flood country and Spain helps. Passification of Ghent➡️ Peace, 1607 divided into what we know
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Catholic reform
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Counter reform movements. Some internal reform Spain was before Luther came to power. Two directions: 1) restore morality of Catholic 2) refute Protestants
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Spain
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A)Isabella and ferdina: I queen of casteel F= king of Aragon➡️Unite to Spain. B) nature of reform: 1) morality of church: bishops, priests monks➡️ Enforce life supposed to be living. 2) doctrine straighten up: learning for priests, est rules for clergy education➡️University of alcala ➡️ Complutension polygot: translation of bible into herb Greece Latin . Sought everyone in Spain be orthodoxy➡️ Spain inquisition
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Opposing Protestants
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A) Robert bellarmine➡️ p teachings refuted with catholic beliefs, whole agruements refuted➡️300 yes used. B)Ceasar Baronius: p had written centuries of Magdeburg➡️ Each further from purrty➡️Ceasar responded with "ecclesiastical annals"
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New order
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Monistic orders. A)Teresa of Auila: founded discalsaid➡️ Barefoot or Carmelites only women to found relgios order. B) ignatius lovola: solider➡️ Wounded➡️While recoup read lot on religion➡️Quit army➡️ Study religion➡️University at Paris ➡️➡️The Jusuits-> military mind set, direct authority of pope
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Papal reform
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A) pope Paul III called existence of council of Trent. B) Paul IV: wanted true reform, due away with corruptin, curin= court➡️➡️Important in reform
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Council of trent
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1545-1563 3 times they met. A) moral reform: rid pluralism, cintrol relics, control indulgences B) doctrine: use igquniys theology, Latin translation➡️ Vulgate➡️ Was voice of the bible. Tradition was equal to scripture justification from grace and works
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