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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Clash of Civilizations theory (Huntington) |
-Civilizations, rather than states, define geopolitical concerns and conflicts
-Civilizations include: the west, Latin America, Islamic world, sinic world, etc
-reasons for conflict: Excessive western influence, economic regionalism (NAFTA, EU), inherent/unmutable Civilizational differences (religion?) |
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Evidence for Clash of civs |
-expansion of Islamic fundamentalist groups -Ukraine -Israeli Palestine conflict |
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Evidence against clash of civs |
-conflicts between states within the same civilization are much more common than conflicts between states from two different civs -other criticisms: Differences dont necessarily imply conflict, Civilizations are fluid concepts that merge, mix and borrow from eachother, and many other factors lead to conflict between states |
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Kin country syndrome |
In conflict, states tend to ally with states from the same civilization, religion, historical background, language, etc |
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Fault line conflicts |
Conflicts that occur on Civilizational boarders Ex) Sub-Saharan africa |
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Gratuitous costs |
Costs that individuals bare during their lives for rewards in the afterlife Ex) self-flajulation, wearing hijab |
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Features of fundamentalism |
-scriptural literalism -return to early traditions -target moderates -backlash to secularism |
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Religious identity conflicts |
Conflicts where two sides are different religions but are fighting over something else. |
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Religious incompatibility |
Conflicts where two sides are different religions and conflict started over religious disputes |
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Sectarian conflicts |
Conflicts between two sides of the same religion |
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Issue indivisibility |
-why religious conflicts tend to be more intense than non-religious ones -it is difficult to compromise over religious issues Ex) importance of Jerusalem to Christians, Jews, muslims |
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Time horizons |
-i.e. divine time -time in the afterlife is more important than time on earth -religious people will live forever |
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Geographical indivisibility |
-religious groups are unwilling to share sacred territory -sacred sites are non-fungible Fungibility-->identical units |
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Hyper committed selves |
-religious extremism -uncompromising individuals who posess unconditional support for a political or religious cause |
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Explanations for suicide terrorism |
-sense of belonging and purpose -prisons breed terrorism -effective -low cost, high fear, no collateral Fanaticism -BUT how do you explain secular suicide bombers Poverty -BUT the 9/11 hijackers were well educated |
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Terrorisms effectiveness (Berman) |
Successful in creating fear and killing on an individual level Successful at getting revenues/support on an organizational level |
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Terrorisms ineffectiveness |
Unsuccessful at establishing state/ending occupations on a movement level |
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Features of religion that end conflict |
-moral authority -organizational capacity -behavioral guidelines |
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Global Peace Index |
There is no significant relationship between religiosity and peace Measures: domestic safety, conflict, and militarization |
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Pro-social effects on religion(individual) |
-happier -more generous -more honest |
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Moral licensing |
-"I went to church so I can be a dick" |
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Explanations for Pro-social behaviors |
-existential insecurity - people want a better afterlife -social capital/status -supernatural observer, "God is watching" |
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Effects Pakistanis attending Muslim pilgrimage (Clingingsmith) |
After attending the hajj, more muslims: -condemn bin Laden -believe all religions are equal -condemn extremism |
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Religion as a threat to civil liberties |
-many religious groups will attempt to push restrictions into the public sphere -Christians in the US on abortion, LGBT rights, etc -high capacity for organization -moral absolutism (clear right and wrong) -political leaders will push social wedge issues to distract constituents from economic issues |
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Factors that effect the salience of homosexuality in africa |
-high Christian populations -political competition encourages populations to exploit wedge issues |
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Wedge issues |
Split a population |
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Valence issues |
Issues that people tend to agree on |
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Gender and religion |
Women tend to be more religious because of: -socialization- adopt behavioral traits suited to religion like obedience -family roles- women have more time for religion -dislike of risk- safer to believe in an afterlife -greater existential insecurity |
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Pascal's wager |
Safer to believe in an afterlife |
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Religion, inequality, and women's rights |
-Religion can be used to justify punishment for those who break social norms -gender inequality is a result of social/traditional Norms (see Africa) |
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Why do women support religions that restrict women? |
Blades and Linzer
-Upbringing -coercion -supernatural observer -rational socioeconomic decision in a conservative society-->alternative to secularism/education |
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Development and secularization |
-Berger's sacred canopy. -development leads to education/science/wealth leads to secularization -also consider existential insecurity |
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Culturalist arguments for religion's affect on development |
-Protestant work ethic -confucian values: hard work, education, family -islam inhibits development: less private ownership, give to poor, prohibition on charging interest
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Criticism of culturalist arguments |
-discriminatory -religions affect different different places in diffrent ways -what part of religion affects development? |
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Debate over environmentalism in Christian texts |
Stewardship vs. Dominion |
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Globalization and religion |
- Ted Levitt -Globalization means regional/national differences are less defined
-favors religions that proselytize, have high birth rates, have little hierarchy, and are large/established |
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World Bank, religion, and foreign aid |
-World Bank provides low interest loans to get poor countries get out of debt and develop -moral imperative statement- agreement between world Bank and religious leaders to end extreme poverty -weak states may not have the organizational capacity or institutional viability to provide aid, that's where religious institutions come in |
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Fundamentalism and violence |
-Not all terrorists are fundamentalists and not all fundamentalists are terrorists -fighting against moral degradation, fear of secularization -hyper committed selves |
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Cox on fundamentalism |
-groups can't compromise -groups are closed, can't provide enough opportunities -followers get exposed to other ideas |
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Iannaconne on fundamentalism |
Fundamentalism works for some people
-gratuitous costs act as a barrier got half-hearted members -powerful social network |
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Religious conflict characteristics |
Toft -More deadly -Last longer -Increasingly involve islam |
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Religion in US foreign policy |
Preston US Foreign policy is religious because of pressure from a religious constituency, and politicians instrumental use of religion to galvanize support and unite the country in the face of terrorist attacks |
