Regulation Of Gene Expression

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gene regulation

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wide range of mechanisms used by the cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products

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gene regulation is necessary for viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes because

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it allows the cells to express protein when needed

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cellular differentiation

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gene regulation in multicellular organisms drives the processes of cellular differentiation, leading to different cell types

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an initiating event leading to a change in gene expression is......

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activation or deactivation of receptors

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any step of gene expression can be altered, from the DNA-RNA transcription step to the post-translational modification of a protein

Such as:

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chromatin domains, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, RNA transport, translation, mRNA degradation

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most common gene expression alterations are in.....

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transcription

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in eukaryotes, the accessibility of large regions of DNA can depend on its chromatin structure, which can be altered as a result of histone modifications directed by:

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DNA methylation, DNA binding protein

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structural

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transcription of DNA is dictated by its structure. the density of its packing is indicative of the frequency of transcription.

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methylation of DNA

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a common method of gene silencing. DNA is typically methylated by methyltransferase enzyme in CPG islands

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histone acetylation

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also an important process in transcription. transferring acetyl groups to the histones, increases gene expression and transcription increases.

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histone acetyltransferase (HATS)

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enzymes that acetylate lysine amino acids on histone proteins

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often dna methylation and histone deacetylation work together in ....

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gene silencing,

and transcription decreases

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gene silencing

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refers to the ability of a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene

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regulation of transcription

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controls when transcription occurs, and how much RNA is created

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specificity factors

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alter the specificity of RNA polymerase for a given promoter, making it more or less likely to bind

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where do repressors bind?

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to the operator

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activators

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enhance the interaction between rna polymerase and a promoter, encouraging the expression of a gene

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enhancers

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sites on DNA